Thermal burden

Microwaves inhibit thymidine incorporation by DNA blockage in cultured cells of the Chinese hamster irradiated cells had a higher frequency of chromosome lesions (Garaj-Vrhovac et al. 1990). Microwaves induce teratogenic effects in mice when the intensity of exposure places a thermal burden on the dams and fetuses, resulting in a reduction in fetal body mass and an increased number of resorptions (O Connor 1990). 

In HI decomposition reaction, hydrogen was produced by thermal decomposition of gaseous HI. HI is separated from Hix solution and then decomposed to produce hydrogen. The Hix solution (H2O-HI-I2 mixture) was produced in Bunsen reactor. Simple option to realise the chemical change was the distillation of Hix solution and the gas phase thermal decomposition of HI. However, the conventional distillation requires a lot of excess thermal burden because of the presence of an azeotropic composition in HI-H2O system (the molal ratio of H2O/HI is about 5). Also, the low equilibrium conversion of HI decomposition (ca 20% at 400°C) imposed a large amount of HI circulation within the process, which results in the increase of thermal burden [6]. 

It is noticed that the vapour pressure of HI over Hix solution steeply increases right after the azeotrope compositon [9]. Accordingly, the thermal burden imposed on the distillation could be drastically diminished. The azeotrope composition of Hix solution is HI H2O = 1.0 5.0 (HI molarity ... 

As 4-atom fragments, allylamines are often used for the synthesis of 1,2-azaborolidines, 1,2-azoniaboratolidines, 1,2-azaboroles, and 1,2-azoniaboratoles. 1,2-Azaborolidines are generally formed if borane-amine adducts are thermally burdened in the presence of alkyl-, allyl-, and diallyl amines. These reactions can also be described as hydroborations of diallyl compounds (Equations (22) and (23)) <70ZOB1528,76IOC2803>. 

J-FIRE consists of a chemical/biological protective mask and the JSLIST ensemble program. J-FIRE reduces the thermal burden placed on the firefighter when operating in proximity clothing... 

One of crucial requirements on protective clothing is that, while not compromise the ultimate protection of wearer, they need to address the thermal burden caused by the metabolic heat and moisture produced by human body enclosed in the protective clothing ensembles. Various high performance materials and functional textile structures are incorporated into protective clothing to reduce these thermo-physiological burdens, and a few examples of such functional materials and textile structures are discussed in this section. 

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