The Strongest Size

Results show that the Pb nanosolid of x = 0.34 (D = 6 nm) size becomes quasi-molten and of x = 0.52 (2.6 nm) becomes liquid at 300 K because of the lower bulk melting point (600 K). In contrast, the Au nanosolid of x = 0.68 (D = 1.25 nm) becomes quasi-molten and x = 0.95 (D = 0.64 nm being smaller than one fee unit cell) becomes liquid at 300 K. Therefore, the gold MC (or an fee unit cell) is in the quasi-molten state at 300 K, which clarifies further why the Au-MC is highly extendable at the ambient temperature. 

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The relative concentration of reagent molecules injected into the reactor is the controlling factor. As will become clear later cluster kinetics shows the strongest size sensitive behavior. 

T. Staedler, Srikanth Vadali and X. Jiang, Diamond/carbide nano-composite gradient films a route to solve the adhesion issues of diamond films. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 890, 0890-Y01-04 (2006). S. Yip, Nanocrystals The strongest size. Nature, 391, 532-33 (1998). 

Table 28.1 lists the strongest sizes xc of selected nanosolids with the known bond length d and bulk melting point as the input. All the nanograins were taken as being in spherical shape. The pre-factor/is adjusted under the constraint that the HPR slope should match the observations and intercept at the positive side of the vertical axis. Only positive intercept in measurement is physically acceptable. The theoretical curves were normalized with the calculated peak values at the transition point, xc, and the experimental data measured at room temperature were normalized with the measured maximum Pta-... 

Fig. 28.6 Dependence of the strongest size xc (m,f, T/TJiQ)) on a the extrinsic factor/and b the intrinsic bond nature indicator m. At T/T (0) < 0.15, xc depends insignificantly on the / the m influences the xc over the whole range of temperature. One critical size xc can be obtained at two temperatures with different hardness (Reprinted with permission from [15])...

The extensibility and plastic yield strength of a solid over the whole range of sizes can be formulated based on the T-BOLS correlation and LBA mechanism, which has enabled the reproduction of the observed HPR and IHPR effect and identification of factors dominating the strongest sizes. Matching predictions to observations reveals the following ... 

Figure 29.9a shows the predicted IHPR as a function of L for 10 < AT < 600 specimens. Compared with the situation of single nanoparticle, the strongest size is significantly reduced for the foams. Figure 29.9b compares the predicted IHPR of Au with experimental results. The ligament size is derived from Au foams... 

Thirdly, according to the IHPR estimation, diamond reaches its strongest size at 20 nanometer (Table 28.1) [101], which corresponds to the curvature of the indentation tip or around. At the strongest size, the hardness is at least 3 times higher than the bulk value (Fig. 28.3) [14]. 

Similarly, the focusing capability of an array is the strongest focused beam which can be steered. The simplest way to evaluate it is to test a theoretical focusing time delay law, in the near-field and in the natural direction of propagation of the array. The beam pattern characteristics depth, lateral size and length of the focal spot must be found consistent with modelling and no lobe must appear above a predetermined level. 

Deviations from Raonlt s law in solution behavior have been attributed to many charac teristics such as molecular size and shape, but the strongest deviations appear to be due to hydrogen bonding and electron donor-acceptor interac tions. Robbins [Chem. Eng. Prog., 76(10), 58 (1980)] presented a table of these interactions. Table 15-4, that provides a qualitative guide to solvent selection for hqnid-hqnid extraction, extractive distillation, azeotropic distillation, or even solvent crystallization. The ac tivity coefficient in the liquid phase is common to all these separation processes. 

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