The situation today

During the past decade, there has been a revitalization of theoretical interest in energy deposition. This interest has been supported by the availability of extensive computational resources and stimulated by new and more accurate measurement techniques, so that details of the interactions between swift ions and materials can now be both measured and computed. 

It is the object of this volume to present the most recent developments in a single collection, representing the state of the art in energy deposition theory. 

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The USP was again published in Spanish in 1995, with semi-annual supplements since. This was now possible through machine translation. The situation today is mixed, but the English version maintains its importance in Latin America. 

The detailed analysis of this situation should include the simultaneous radial dispersion of heat and matter, and maybe axial dispersion too. In setting up the mathematical model, what simplifications are reasonable, would the results properly model the real situation, would the solution indicate unstable behavior and hot spots These questions have been considered by scores of researchers, numerous precise solutions have been claimed however, from the point of view of prediction and design the situation today still is not as we would wish. The treatment of this problem is quite difficult, and we will not consider it here. A good review of the state-of-the-art is given by Froment (1970), and Froment and Bischoff (1990). 

Figure 16.3 Changes in the focus of farming systems management from (A) the 1920s to the 1930s to (B) the situation today.

Smith and Knowles (1973) made several 3-H-3-aryldiazirines and suggested that they had several advantages as photoaffinity labeling reagents over the aryl azides and diazo compounds that were then current. These diazirines did not become popular, however, because they are inconvenient to prepare. The situation today is unchanged. 

I would like to cite a few specifics of the situation today. Using the COGAS Process as an example, the most recent estimate of the total plant investment cost of the commercial COGAS plant is 1.4 billion in mid-1978 dollars (4). In addition, there will be costs for land, adminstration during construction, start-up, working capital requirement to 1.5 billion exclusive of interest during construction before the plant produces at design capacity. 

The situation today is vastly different. Consider Time magazine s report of a recent superconductivity meeting of the American Physical Society in New York City ... 

So far this paper has been dealing with the past. The table below shows the situation today with regards to DDS-RO installations in the pulp and paper industry. 

Relatively little is known about many of the world s deposits of oil shale, and much exploratory drilling and analytical work need to be done. Early attempts to determine the total size of world oil shale resources were based on few facts, and estimates of the grade and quantity of many of these resources were speculative, at best. The situation today has not greatly improved, although much information has been published in the past decade or so, notably for deposits in Australia, Canada, Estonia, Israel, and the United States. Evaluation of world oil shale resources is especially difficult because of the wide variety of analytical units that are reported. The grade of a deposit is variously expressed in US. or Imperial gallons of shale... 

In the early stages of platinum s discovery South America and especially today s Colombia and Equador had the world s largest known platinum reserves, but this is not the situation today. Active prospecting has revealed new deposits that have deprived South America of its leading position. This has now been taken over by South Africa, where platinum was discovered in 1924 and which nowadays controls more than 85% of the world s platinum reserves. An estimate of the reserves in different countries is given in Table 32.2. 

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