The seven wastes

In Chapter 5 we saw how any activity that does not add value is a form of waste. 

By mapping processes through the supply chain, it is possible to sort valueadding and non-value-adding activities (transport, store, inspect and delay). Lean 

The application of lean thinkingis the means by which many companies bring their processes under control. Following a systematic approach to tackling waste, they seek to minimise defects, to minimise downtime and to maximise simplicity and visibility. 

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Furthermore, it would not be difficult for most industrial pharmaceutical scientists to find common examples of each of the seven wastes in a typical pharmaceutical manufacturing facility. 

Because nitrobenzene is not usually found at hazardous waste sites, it is unlikely that you will be exposed to nitrobenzene if you live near one of these sites. However, you may be exposed if you live near one of the seven waste sites where it has been found or near a manufacturing or processing plant, such as those involved in petroleum refining and chemical manufacturing. Persons... 

The seven wastes Also see muda. Muda is the Japanese word for waste or non-value adding. The seven activities that considered are excess production, waiting, conveyance, motion, process, inventory and defects. For further detail see Chapter 13. 

Lean thinking focuses on how the seven wastes can be used to support lean principles. Lean thinking follows JIT principles via the concept of one piece flow. Lean thinking extends these principles into product and facility design. 

Table 9.2 lists the unit operations associated with each of the seven industry subcategories (raw waste characteristics). Common metals are found in the raw waste of all 44 unit operations. Precious metals are found in only seven unit operations complexed metals are found in three unit operations hexavalent chromium is found in seven unit operations and cyanide is found in eight unit operations. Within the organics, oils are found in 22 unit operations and solvents are found in nine unit operations. A unit operation will often be found in more than one subcategory. 

The idea of the continuous improvement is to reduce or eliminate activities that do not add value and thus are wasteful. In fact, there are many activities in any laboratory that need to be reconsidered. Below are summarized the seven sources of waste that any organization should avoid. 

Consequently, quantum chemists are daily confronted with the following dilemma either to waste the budget of five years of research to solve a given problem at any price with the help of the CYBER 205, the biggest computer in the world, or to join the Seven Wise Men. . . and to stop working. 

Figure 4.12 — (A) Flow-cell for the simultaneous determination of four analytes (1) ion-selective electrodes (2) reference electrode (3) Pt wire for grounding (4) Teflon gasket (5) carrier (6) inlet for reference solution (7) waste (8) screws (9) diecast box (10) rubber sheet for sealing. (B) Seven-electrode holder (the reference electrode is placed from the top into die central bore). ISEs for Na, K, Ca ", NOj", Cr, and HCO, (NH, electrode with internal buffer of 0.1 mmol/L NaHCOj) are placed horizontally around the reference electrode, the metal waste tubes being connected to the waste via filter-paper strips. (Reproduced from [124] and [108] with permission of Elsevier Science Publishers and VCH Publishers, respectively).

Before chemical and mineralogical analyses, the refuse was separated into seven fractions, based on the gross external appearanees of the various pieces. Examination of these fractions along with the composite waste permitted us to derive some very useful information about the relationships among some of the trace elements and the various mineral phases. Most of the leachable trace... 

Fixation of Cesium and Strontium. We mixed actual waste solution (103-BY) with bentonite 1 to determine the ability of the clay to fix cesium. The clay-waste mixtures were heated at 100°C for seven days. The percent of " Cs fixed in the product was measured as a function of the clay/liquid waste ratio. The results are plotted in Figure 5. The curve shows that a minimum of 0.75 g of bentonite 1 per ml of waste solution is needed to fix the... 

Identify the seven classes of regulated medical wastes. 

Given all seven constraints, the permissible area is then the quadrilateral bounded by lines 2, 5, 6, and 7. The farthest point to the right in this area (point C) on the figure is the maximum incineration rate of the plating waste. This occurs where constraints 6 and 7 intersect, i.e.,... 

Thermal. Combustion techniques bum waste for the recovery of heat energy, Waterwall combustors are the most technically developed energy recovery systems and employ special grates to bum "as received urban waste and recover steam either at saturated or superheated conditions. Over 250 plants are operating worldwide seven of them in the United States. Three of the seven were originally built as incinerators. Worldwide there have been a number of technical problems, with the control of corrosion and erosion being the most serious. The most recent European designs have solved these problems but at an increased capital cost. 

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