The Relations Diagram

The relations are not simple and are not always clearcut. The construction of the diagram is a process of dialogue. This dialogue is as valuable as the completed diagram, as it helps build an understanding of how the system functions. 

In the diagram, an arrow points from a barrier that influences to a barrier that is influenced. In some cases, an arrow goes both ways. For example, the supervisory process is difficult to define without standards. At the same time, standards are difficult to establish without a defined supervisory process. Sometimes there is little or no relationship. For example, we saw no obvious relationship between lack of training and education and allowing cultural misfits to remain in the organization. 

It is important to realize that this diagram represents the opinion of a particular group in a particular company at a particular time. It should be viewed as part of a process not an end result. It should also not be generalized to other companies without replicating the process that we describe. 

When the group s diagram was completed, we counted the number of arrows from each barrier and the number of arrows to each barrier. A barrier with a lot of arrows pointing out is a driver, influencing other barriers. A barrier with most of the arrows pointing in is a follower and should be positively influenced when we improve the state of the drivers in the systan. 

The chief followers are fear and growing cynicism. It should be obvious that it is difficult to deal with fear and cynicism directly. It does not help to sit down with people and tell them not to be afraid or cynical. The only way to reduce fear and cynicism is to eliminate the conditions that cause them. For example, establishing clear standards for safety and enforcing the standards fairly would reduce cynicism about management s commitment to safety. Seeing management on the factory floor, listening carefully to what employees have to say, would reduce cynicism as well. 

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The related diagrams are shown as mentioned before, for the entering boundary of the constant pressure reservoir and three downstream boundaries, which are described here. 

The relations diagram we constructed is depicted in Figure 9.1. The logic of the relations diagram is to consider each pair of barriers and decide which causes the other. For example ... 

Orgel diagrams Simple graphs showing the relation between the energies of various electronic slates and the crystal field splitting. 

Diagram showing the relation between the designation MS" and the number of sequential fragmentation steps involved. 

The relations between the compositions of Pordand cements and some other common hydrauhc cements are shown in the CaO—Si02—AI2O2 phase diagram of Figure 2 (5). In this diagram, Fe202 has been combined with AI2O2 to yield the Al O content used. This is a commonly appHed approximation that permits a two-dimensional representation of the real systems. 

Figure S.7 The subunit structure of the neuraminidase headpiece (residues 84-469) from influenza virus is built up from six similar, consecutive motifs of four up-and-down antiparallel fi strands (Figure 5.6). Each such motif has been called a propeller blade and the whole subunit stmcture a six-blade propeller. The motifs are connected by loop regions from p strand 4 in one motif to p strand 1 in the next motif. The schematic diagram (a) is viewed down an approximate sixfold axis that relates the centers of the motifs. Four such six-blade propeller subunits are present in each complete neuraminidase molecule (see Figure 5.8). In the topological diagram (b) the yellow loop that connects the N-terminal P strand to the first P strand of motif 1 is not to scale. In the folded structure it is about the same length as the other loops that connect the motifs. (Adapted from J. Varghese et al.. Nature 303 35-40, 1983.)...

Figure 12.S Schematic diagram of the bacteriorhodopsin molecule illustrating the relation between the proton channel and bound retinal in its tram form. A to E are the seven transmembrane helices. Retinal is covalently bound to a lysine residue. The relative positions of two Asp residues, which are important for proton transfer, are also shown. (Adapted from R. Henderson et al.,...

Figure 16.S Schematic illustration of the way the 60 protein subunits are arranged around the shell of safellite tobacco necrosis virus. Each subunit is shown as an asymmetric A. The view is along one of the threefold axes, as in Figure 16.3a. (a) Three subunifs are positioned on one triangular tile of an Icosahedron, in a similar way to that shown in 16.4a. The red lines represent a different way to divide the surface of the icosahedron into 60 asymmetric units. This representation will be used in the following diagrams because it is easier to see the symmetry relations when there are more than 60 subunits in the shells, (b) All subunits are shown on the surface of the virus, seen in the same orientation as 16.4a. The shell has been subdivided into 60 asymmetric units by the red lines. When the corners are joined to the center of the virus, the particle is divided into 60 triangular wedges, each comprising an asymmetric unit of the virus. In satellite tobacco necrosis virus each such unit contains one polypeptide chain...

There are examples of each of these mechanisms, and a three-dimensional potential energy diagram can provide a useful general framework within which to consider specific addition reactions. The breakdown of a tetrahedral intermediate involves the same processes but operates in the opposite direction, so the principles that are developed will apply equally well to the reactions of the tetrahedral intermediates. Let us examine the three general mechanistic cases in relation to the energy diagram in Fig. 8.3. 

Matrix diagram - used to clarify the relations between two different factors (e.g. QFD)... 

The aim is to predict, for given undercooling A and anisotropy e, the type of the two-phase structure and its characteristic length scales and velocity that is, to calculate the functions/ and v in the relation (80). The results will be summarized in the morphology diagram shown in Fig. 6. As it turns out. 

The procedure described in the following section permits step-by-step quantification of fragment-related parameters. The numbers in the flow diagram in Figure 9.6 refer to the numbers of the paragraphs of this section. 

As the diagram develops, a necessary and sufficient test is applied to pairs of events, and checks for completeness and sequencing are made. One-to-many and many-to-one relations can be represented in the diagram. If data cannot be foimd to verify the relation between an event pair, then a technique called back-STEP can be used to explore gaps in understanding. Essentially back-STEP is a fault tree which uses the event with no other events leading to it as the top node. The analyst then develops possible event flows which could describe what happened during the gap in events in order to cause the top node. 

The curious phase relations between phosphorus, sulfur and their binai compounds are worth noting. Because both P4 and Sg are stable molecules the phase diagram, if studied below 100°, shows only solid solutions with a simple eutectic at 10° (75 atom % P). By contrast, when the mixtures are heated above 200° the elements react and an entirely different phase diagram is obtained however, as only the most stable compounds P4S3, P4S7 and P4S10... 

It will be convenient to describe first the binary. sulfur nitrides SjN,. and then the related cationic and anionic species, S,Nv. The sulfur imides and other cyclic S-N compounds will then be discus.sed and this will be followed by sections on S-N-halogen and S-N-O compounds. Several compounds which feature i.solated S<—N, S-N, S = N and S=N bonds have already been mentioned in the. section on SF4 e.g. F4S NC,H, F5S-NF2. F2S = NCF3, and FiS=N (p. 687). Flowever. many SN compounds do not lend themselves to simple bond diagrams, - and formal oxidation states are often unhelpful or even misleading. 

The actual figure is, however, of value only in relation to calcium carbonate content and for calculation of alkali additions for pH corrections. A graphical form is included in the Langelier diagram ... 

In Fig. 70 the quantity —log/ was plotted, instead of + log/, in order that the relation of the diagram to Fig. 51 should be more clearly seen. It is more usual to plot + log/, in which case the diagram is inverted, and the curve passes through a minimum— or else to plot simply the activity coefficient / or 7 against the concentration. The... 

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