The Price of Success

White NJ Qinghaosu (artemisinin) The price of success. Science 2008 320 330. [PMID 18420924]... 

Kohl, Ben, and Linda Farthing. At the Price of Success Bolivia s War Against Drugs and the Poor. NACLA Report on the Americas, vol. 3 5, July 2001, p. 35. Reports that the destruction of nearly three-quarters of Bolivia s coca crop has severely impacted the poor, marginalized peasants who have lost their livelihood. The Bolivian economy as a whole has suffered from a severe contraction and rampant unemployment. Meanwhile, the price of cocaine on the street remains low. 

Inflation-linked bonds are a little less liquid than nominal bonds, but the possibility that this results in them trading cheaply—suffering an illiquidity discount —is contentious. We would propose that turnover is lower in linkers because they meet investor needs so well. They are natural buy-and-hold assets because they are worry-free core holdings. Thus, illiquidity, relative to nominals, is something investors in linkers understand and accept. It is not so much a penalty, more the price of success. 

White NJ (2008) Qinghaosu (artemisinin) the price of success. Science 320 330-334... 

Soon after the first successful diamond synthesis by the solvent—catalyst process, a pilot plant for producing synthetic diamond was estabUshed, the efficiency of the operation was increased, production costs declined, and product performance was improved while the uses of diamond were extended. Today the price of synthesized diamond is competitive with that of natural diamonds. 

The success of Eqs. (10-13)—(10-14) comes at the price of the inclusion of more adjustables, which inevitably gives a better correlation. The success of these LFERs lies in the fact that these parameters, too, are transferable to an impressively long list of reactions. 

Two points are emphasized (i) zeolites can be successfully operated at the same or higher severities (with respect to P/O (feed alkane/alkene) ratio and OS V (alkene space velocity)) than the liquid acids (ii) the productivities of zeolite catalysts (i.e., the total amount of alkylate produced per mass of catalyst) are roughly the same as of that of sulfuric acid. If the intrinsic activities of zeolites (which have 0.5-3 mmol of acid sites per gram) are compared with that of sulfuric acid (which has 20 mmol of acid sites per gram), zeolites outperform sulfuric acid. Nevertheless, the price of a zeolite catalyst and the high costs of... 

Of every 5000 medicines tested, on average, only 5 are tested in clinical trials and only 1 of those is approved for patient use." Very, very few biotech concepts yield commercial returns. Consequently, investors are hypersensitive to events which appear to shift the odds of success one way or the other. What drives biotech stock prices up or down is not changes in timelines, but rather changes in perceptions of the risk of failure. 

Sasol is now a public company and its shares are listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Despite the fluctuations in the price of crude oil, the commercial success of the process is reflected by the four-fold increase in the share prices since 1979. The reason for the viability of the process in South Africa is the combination of three factors ... 

The seminal work of Klibanov in the early 1980s [46,47] made it clear that enzymes can be used in hydrophobic organic solvents, although at the price of a severely reduced reaction rate [48, 49]. Indeed, many Upases, as well as some proteases and acylases, are so stable that they maintain their activity even in anhydrous organic solvents. This forms the basis for their successful application in non-hydrolytic reactions, such as the (enantioselective) acylation of alcohols and amines, which now are major industrial applications [50]. 

The recommendations of Lynn (1937) and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture in 2005 (GV2020 2005) have never been promoted in a successful way. The main reason for this is that the focus of extension was too oriented on the use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides and hybrid varieties. Green revolution techniques in Ghana did not result in increasing soil fertility levels and thus, yields. Besides that, chemical fertilisers can never be the solution since the prices of fertilisers and pesticides over the last 15 years have been on such a level that farmers cannot afford them. Farmers also observe the negative impact of chemical fertilisers on soil structure and soil life (Box 2). 

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