The Martin Process

Prior to the mid 1970s, two processes dominated the production of wheat starch and vital wheat gluten the Martin process, based on separating the starch from gluten by washing a stiff dough, and the batter process, based on separation of gluten and starch from a thin flour batter.53... 

The hydrocyclone process is applicable for processing hard and soft wheat flours, and perhaps even wholemeal flour.92 In addition to its versatility in processing different wheat classes, other advantages of the hydrocyclone process compared to the Martin process include an increased yield of gluten, lower water and energy requirements, and manageable levels of effluent. To ensure the food safety of wheat starch, quality programs in many companies dictate the implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points in the hydrocyclone process.24... 

By the end of the 15th century first smelting furnaces appeared producing exclusively cast iron. Iron and steel smelting processes were rapidly improving. In 1855 there appeared the converter process of steel making which is still used. The Martin process developed in 1865 yields steel almost free of slags. 

The first gas producer making low heat-value gas was built in 1832. (The product was a combustible carbon monoxide—hydrogen mixture containing ca 50 vol % nitrogen). The open-hearth or Siemens-Martin process, built in 1861 for pig iron refining, increased low heat-value gas use (see Iron). The use of producer gas as a fuel for heating furnaces continued to increase until the turn of the century when natural gas began to supplant manufactured fuel gas (see Furnaces, fuel-fired). 

The leaching process aims to remove the salts from the metal - salt mixture but also enables to achieve additional purification of the tantalum powder. Keller and Martin [586] found that the application of a leaching solution containing 0.1-10% HF and 0.5-10% H202 leads to a decrease in the oxygen content of the final tantalum powder obtained from the reduction of K2TaF7 with sodium. 

Currently, treatment of DSP and ATN is similar to many other neuropathies that have predominantly painful sensory involvement (Mendell and Sahenk 2003 Gonzalez-Duarte et al. 2007). It is purely symptomatic as there are no proven regenerative therapies to reverse the underlying process. An 8-month prospective pilot study reported an improvement in subjective quantitative sensory testing (QST) in HIV-infected patients who responded to HAART (Martin et al. 2000). The patients who did not respond to HAART did not show any improvements in QST. It is possible that suppression of viral load will slow the progression of DSP. Some studies have found a correlation between viral load and incidence (Childs et al. 1999), or severity (Simpson et al. 2002) of sensory neuropathy. Others, however, did not find any correlation between plasma viral loads and incidence of DSP or ATN (Brew et al. 2003). 

From the discussion presented in previous sections, vibrational relaxation (Appendix II) plays a very important role in the initial ET in photosynthetic RCs. This problem was first studied by Martin and co-workers [4] using Rb. capsulatas Dll. In this mutant, the ultrafast initial ET is suppressed and the ultrafast process taking place in the ps range is mainly due to vibrational relaxation. They have used the pumping laser at Xpump = 870 nm and probed at A.probe = 812 nm at 10 K. The laser pulse duration in this case is 80 fs. Their experimental results are shown in Fig. 16, where one can observe that the fs time-resolved spectra exhibit an oscillatory build-up. To analyze these results, we use the relation... 

Martin and Williams [22] proposed that the general mechanism for the electrocodeposition process had nothing to do with electrophoretic deposition. Instead, they... 

However, before leaving this subject we would like to single out the remarkable nthetic activity in the helicenes series. In this rapidly developing field truly outstanding progress has been made possible by the photocyclodehydrogenation process introduced for this purpose by R. H. Martin et al. ... 

Birth of P.-L.-T. Heroult and of Charles Martin Hall, independent discoverers of the electrolytic process for preparing metallic aluminum. 

Solute equilibrium between the mobile and stationary phases is never achieved in the chromatographic column except possibly (as Giddings points out) at the maximum of a peak (1). As stated before, to circumvent this non equilibrium condition and allow a simple mathematical treatment of the chromatographic process, Martin and Synge (2) borrowed the plate concept from distillation theory and considered the column consisted of a series of theoretical plates in which equilibrium could be assumed to occur. In fact each plate represented a dwell time for the solute to achieve equilibrium at that point in the column and the process of distribution could be considered as incremental. It has been shown that employing this concept an equation for the elution curve can be easily obtained and, from that basic equation, others can be developed that describe the various properties of a chromatogram. Such equations will permit the calculation of efficiency, the calculation of the number of theoretical plates required to achieve a specific separation and among many applications, elucidate the function of the heat of absorption detector. 

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