The INTSINT Model

INTSINT describes an utterance s intonation by a sequence of labels each of which represents a target point. These target points are defined either by reference to the speaker s pitch range. 

Hirst [212] describes this system in detail and shows how it can be applied to all the major languages. Several algorithms have also been developed for extracting the labels automatically from the acoustics and for synthesizing FO contours from the labels. Applications of this model to synthesis include Veronis et al [475], 

INTSfNT describes an utterance s intonation in terms of a sequence of labels, each of which represents a target point. These target points are defined either by reference to the speaker s pitch range, in which case they are marked Top (T), Mid (M) or Bottom (B), or by reference to the previous target point, in which case they are marked Higher (H), Same (S) or Lower (L). In addition, accents can be marked as Upstepped (S) or Downstepped (D). 

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Articles on all the models and techniques described here are readily available, but there are few which consider all models together and offer comparisons. The best account of the AM model is given by Ladd [269]. Ladd not only describes the model and its developmenL but also serves as a solid introduction to the whole field of intonational phonology and the practical phonetics associated with it. Accounts of the INTSINT model are given in Hirst [212], the Tilt model in Taylor [436], the Fujisaki model in Fujisaki [166], the SFC model in Bailly and Holm [31], the Dutch model in [447], the British school in O Connor and Arnold [333]. 

The INTSINT model provides a way of labelling intonation across theories and languages, and provides a way of labelling data for further analysis in much the same was as the IPA is used in phonetics. 

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