The Importance of Cooperativity

The importance of cooperative effects (sometimes called nonadditive effects) on bonds found in aggregates can be understood by comparing the experimental formation energy of the OH O bond in an isolated water dimer (—5.44 kcal/mol [56]) against the formation energy per water molecule of the same bond in ice at 0 K (—11.3 kcal/mol [66]). While dimers can be formed with only one intermolecular bond, the transition from isolated dimers to crystals is only possible when the molecules that form the dimer can also form more intermolecular bonds with other molecules. For instance, in ice Ih polymorph (the polymorphic form of solid water at normal pressure and temperature), each water molecule makes four hydrogen bonds, two as donor and two as acceptor. 

Communicate to regulatory agencies the importance of cooperation in resistance management. 

These differences between the normal chemical reaction and the crystal transformation result from the importance of cooperativity in the crystal but not in the liquid or gaseous state. In a normal chemical reaction, molecules react more or less independently of one another what happens to one molecule has little effect on what happens to its neighbours. In a phase transformation, cooperativity is the essence. Within a crystal, every displacement of a molecule... 

Luck WAF (1998) The importance of cooperativity for the properties of liquid water. J Mol Struct 448 132-142... 

The directive together with the legal requirements in Finland identifies similar actions needed in shared workplace as HSEQ AP seeks to solve (for more information see Sect. 6 in Chap. 2), e.g. highlighting the importance of cooperation, communication and prevention of occupational risks. 

Cooperativity is also seen for anion coordination chemistry in terms of the chelate, macrocyclic and cryptate effects. However, the area has been less extensively studied than for the transition metals and supramolecular metal ion host-guest chemistry. Some examples, primarily structural with a smattering of binding constants, which illustrate the importance of cooperativity in anion coordination chemistry are provided below. 

Despite the role of electrostatic interactions, these results also note the importance of cooperative effects of both the water structure and surfactant hemimicelle formation at the interface (Figure 10). 

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