The Cancer Cell Cytoplasm

The RNA/DNA-transformed cells regained the extraordinary vitality of ancient primordial unicellular organisms and readily mobilize all possible cell survival pathways . On occasions, the cancer cell fuses with a mesenchymal cell (the tumor-supportive subverted fibroblast or macrophage). These cell fusions were recently discussed in a Springer publication of authors/editors Dittmar Zanker [1541]. This author proposed that endogenous retroviruses that frequendy appear budding from maUgnandy transformed lymphoma, melanoma and adenocarcinoma cells, mediate these cell fusions [26, 27]. 

Relda M. Cailleau ofM.D. Anderson, Houston TX, in the 1970s. In the article entitled A naturally occurring cancer with molecular connectivity to human 

Stanley J. Korsmeyer, 1950-2005 (Sidney Farber professor of pathology medicine at Dana Farber Cancer Instimte Harvard). The fundamental contributions of Stanley to the works of the BCL-2 family of anti-apoptotic oncoproteins is widely appreciated (Editorial) [1575a, b]. The system is installed in the Nematostefla, even though the sea anemone is not a triploblastic metazoan it has 

Cellular viability gained by oncogenic fusion oncoproteins. These phenomena (already elaborated on in this treatise), lead back to the term intrinsic structural disorders of Hegyi et al [1598]. 

BCR/ABL oncoprotein induces an oncogenic cascade at multiple levels, some quite ancient. 

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Kam et al. [38-40] SW CNT-r cytochrome C,RNA, DNA CNT transferred cytochrome C to the cancer cells accumulation of SW CNT-RNA conjugates in cytoplasm and nucleus of HeLa cells... 

The fate of the oil droplets depositing in the tumor is mystifying. We examined HCC tissue resected 30 days after a hepatic arterial injection of chemotherapy with a W/O/W emulsion containing a low dose (8 mg) of epirubicin. As shown in Figure 10.12, the IPSO microdroplets appearing red in color due to the oil-O-stain are seen only in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells, and not in the arterioles or the tumor sinusoids. Electron microscopy of the same specimen revealed that the IPSO microdroplets accumulated in the cytoplasm... 

Figure 7.1 Drug targets at the level of cellular structure. The mammalian cell presents a variety of druggable targets. The most important ones are located at the level of the cell membrane. Within the cell, cytoplasmic organelles, such as mitochondria, are beginning to be exploited as potential drug targets. The nucleus, at the center of the cell, is an important target for the development of antineoplastic agents for the treatment of cancer.

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