The bulk weight

The non-reduced bulk weight is the weight of 1 cm of intact soil containing its natural moisture. Stainless steel cylinders, sharpened at one end, are used for sampling they are stabbed into the ground. The non-reduced bulk mass equals the fresh soil mass divided by the cylinder volume. The reduced bulk mass is related to absolutely dry soil. 

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The catalysts supplied commercially these days are usually manufactured in cylindrical or tablet form measuring between 4 and 7 mm and the bulk weight is between 1.0 and 1.5kg/l. The catalysts are applied in the pressure range from SO to 100 bar and at temperatures between 230 and 280°C. At space velocities up to 12000m /h, time space yields of 0.5 to more than 1.2 kg of methanol/liter of catalyst are attained. 

Here a-j is the effective stress, which acts on the solid skeleton, p is the pore pressure, is the volumetric strain, ky is the hydraulic conductivity tensor, and Yw = Pg is the bulk weight of the liquid phase. It should be noted that the mass flux is described as q = —KVpjg, and the boundary condition is given by (6.42). We use a convention where a[j is positive for tension, and p is positive for compression. 

The bulk density measured by the logging tool is the weighted average of the rock matrix and fluid densities, so that ... 

There are three major aspects of polymer viscosity discussed in this chapter. First, we shall consider the fact that most bulk polymers display shear-dependent viscosity that is, this property does not have a single value but varies with the shearing forces responsible for the flow. Second, the molecular weight dependence of polymer viscosity is examined. We may correctly expect a... 

Single crystals such as those shown in Fig. 4.11 are not observed in crystallization from the bulk. Crystallization from dilute solutions is required to produce single crystals with this kind of macroscopic perfection. Polymers are not intrinsically different from low molecular weight compounds in this regard. 

The light weight of these products reduces user s shipping costs and conserves energy in transportation. These products are reusable, a key property from economic, ecological, and energy conservation standpoints. Most products are available in bulk densities of 4.0 to 4.8 kg/m (0.25 to 0.30 lb/fT). Average price is about 1.50 per pound from the manufacturer. 

Bulk Polymerization. This is the method of choice for the manufacture of poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets, rods, and tubes, and molding and extmsion compounds. In methyl methacrylate bulk polymerization, an auto acceleration is observed beginning at 20—50% conversion. At this point, there is also a corresponding increase in the molecular weight of the polymer formed. This acceleration, which continues up to high conversion, is known as the Trommsdorff effect, and is attributed to the increase in viscosity of the mixture to such an extent that the diffusion rate, and therefore the termination reaction of the growing radicals, is reduced. This reduced termination rate ultimately results in a polymerization rate that is limited only by the diffusion rate of the monomer. Detailed kinetic data on the bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate can be found in Reference 42. 

Several stabilizers are useful in minimizing oxidative degradation during thermoplastic processing or in the bulk soHd. Phenothiazine, hindered phenohc antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene, butylatedhydroxyanisole, and secondary aromatic amines in concentrations of 0.01—0.5% based on the weight of polymer, are effective. 

Table 3 gives the 1990 prices for bulk quantities and the net weights packaged in dmms or bags Table 4 gives the specifications. 

Bulk polymerization has been studied at relatively low temperatures and in toluene and carbon tetrachloride solutions carried to low conversions (12). The effects of temperature and different organic peroxide initiators have been observed. The molecular weight of soluble polymer after 3% conversion is ca — 19,000 and is somewhat dependent on initiator concentration or temperature between 35 and 65 °C. With di-2-methylpentanoyl... 

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