The Anchoring Effect

The anchoring effect, which is also sometimes called the haptophilic effect, results from the fact that certain groupings increase the strength of adsorption of 

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On the other hand, hydrogenation with Raney nickel causes reduction mainly in the substituted aromatic ring [Eq. (11.16)]. Differences in product composition brought about by the different metals are explained in terms of steric hindrance of the substituted ring (Pt, Pd) versus the anchor effect of the methyl substituent (Ni).106... 

Platinum-based bi-metallics (Pt M, M = Ti, Cr, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc.) have been shown to exhibit enhanced activity toward the OER. Several rationales have been proposed including (1) enhanced chemisorption of intermediates (2) a lattice change of Pt that results in the shortening of Pt-Pt interatomic distances by alloying (3) the formation of skin Pt which has increased d-electron vacancy of the thin Pt surface layer caused by the underlying alloy and the anchor effect of alloy metals on a carbon carrier.93,94... 

Now, both the utility and the versatility of our method are demonstrated in the stereoselective synthesis of natural (+)-valienamine (25) and (+)-validamine (29) (7/) (Scheme 3). Furthermore, the anchor effect of an amino group will be described in the stereoselective hydrogenation of the olefin of25 to give 29 (Fig. 1). 

Fig. 1. Conformations of key intermediates and the anchor effect of the amino group in 27 over Raney Ni.

Accordingly, the quasi-squatorial amino group of 24 could not participate in the anchor effect for stereoselective hydrogenation. 

As a mixture of dioxane and H2O was used for catalytic hydrogenation, the H-NMR spectra of 24 and 27 were measured in dioxane-rfg and D2O to support that existed in the half-chair form with theqwasz-axial amino group (Fig. 1). The gwosz -axial amino group of 27 was expected to assist the anchor effect giving the desired, 5-tram isomer 28. 

Metal loading and sample preparation conditions are critical for the anchoring effect. This might account for the different observations on PdFeNaY reported by Moller and Bein (85). 

Nature of the Interface. The most important aspect is the nature of the matrix-dispersed phase interface which determines the adhesion between these two phases. The anchoring effect between two phases with a block copolymer located at the interface depends essentially on the amount of Cop in the blend, the amount of elastomer, and the particle size of the dispersed phase. Particle size, in turn, depends on the molecular characteristics of homopolymer and Cop, as well as on the composition of the blend. In order to take into account these... 

Figure 8.2. ABS resin painted with ink, showing the anchoring effect of metal-plating [Kato, 1967].

The anchoring effects make it difficult to interpret the answers to the open-ended WTP questions. As a consequence, we will, in the following, focus on the mean WTP estimates ofthe binary choice WTP questions. The anchoring effects also throw doubt on the procedure used above to truncate the binary choice models at 1TL2 500 000, since answers that may have been influenced by the bids are used for the truncation. However, we will... 

On pp. 155-7, it was found that the bids suggested in the binary choice question served as anchors for the respondents answers to the open-ended WTP questions. This means that, at least in this study, reliable additional information onWTP was not obtained by combining a binary choice WTP question with a subsequent open-ended question. We believe that the anchoring effect is due to the fact that the study concerned an intricate valuation issue for which a considerable degree of preference uncertainty existed among the respondents. The findings make this combination of WTP questions inappropriate. 

Cho and Lee [6] reported that the anchoring effect exhibited by the functional d-groups originating from incorporating fragments of die ionic initiator... 

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