Textured materials, advantages

Wider analyses of utilizing the advantages of textured materials for piezoelectric applications have been provided recently by Messing et al. [49] and Kimura [50] these will be discussed in more detail later in the chapter. 

Electrodeposition presents, in principle, several advantages for the investigation and production of layered alloys. Among these are the tendency of electrodeposited materials to grow epitaxial and thus to form materials with a texture influenced by the substrate. Electrodeposition can be used in systems that do not lend themselves to vacuum deposition. The electrodeposition process is inexpensive and can be upscaled with relative ease for use on large parts further, it is a room-temperature technology. This last point may be important for systems in which undesirable interdiffusion between the adjacent layers may readily occur. 

Although studies on potato structure had been carried out previously using conventional SEM, van Marie et al [70] used cryo-SEM to advantage in this high moisture material. The fracture planes of cooked and uncooked samples were used to help characterize cell wall adhesion in the four potato cultivars. In particular, differences in cell wall contact area and surface detail were used to explain the mealy versus firm textural attributes in the cultivars. By determining the parameters which contributed to the texture of potatoes, processing conditions and selection of suitable raw materials could be facilitated. Such information would be difficult to obtain with conventional, chemically fixed material due to the high moisture content and the inability of standard chemical fixation to retain carbohydrate-based structures. 

To date, most wall-slip studies have concentrated on either eliminating or quantifying slip effects in laboratory rheometry. Slip effects have been traditionally treated as flow anomalies, which make the measurement of material properties a challenging task. There is less evidence on how to utilize this flow anomaly to industry s advantage. A comprehensive understanding of the slip phenomenon as it relates to food texture and food processing is of crucial importance to the food industry, where the goal is to produce quality products at reduced cost... 

SAXS techniques offer a number of advantages for the characterization of porous materials [79-81] (1) they are sensitive to both closed and open porosity, (2) SAXS intensity profiles are sensitive to shape and orientation of the scattering objects, (3) they can be used to investigate samples that are saturated with liquids, and (4) they can be used to investigate the pore texture of materials under operating conditions. However, the equipment required for SAXS experiments is not as available as other adsorption equipment. 

Texture is nearly impossible to avoid in most material processing techniques. In some cases it may be advantageous to develop a particular texture, whereas... 

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