Text normalisation

Text as language models In this model, the process is seen as basically one of synthesis alone. The text itself is taken as the linguistic message, and synthesis is performed from this. As the text is rarely clean or unambiguous enough for this to happen directly, a text normalisation process is normally added, as a sort of pre-processor to the synthesis process itself. The idea hear is that the text requires tidying-up before it can be used as the input to the synthesiser. 

There are two main ways to deal with this problem. The first is the text-normalisation approach, which sees the text as the input to the S5mthesiser and tries to rewrite any non-standard text as proper linguistic text. The second is to classify each section of text according to one of the known semiotic classes. From there, a parser specific to each classes is used to analyse that section of text and uncover the underlying form. For natural language the text analysis job is now done but for the other systems an additional stage is needed, where the underlying form is translated into words. 

The text normalisation module might produce output like ... 

The point is, in each case, the module takes its input and only outputs the particular results from that module. In an addition paradigm, each module adds its output to the output from the previous modules. So in the above example, the output from the text normalisation module might produce something like ... 

CNOMO (Comite de Normalisation des Moyens de Production) which prepares for the two national automobile manufacturers the texts that serve as the basis for supplier contracts... 

The carbonyl index is not a standard technique, but is a widely used convenient measurement for comparing the relative extent and rate of oxidation in series of related polymer samples. The carbonyl index is determined using mid-infrared spectroscopy. The method is based on determining the absorbance ratio of a carbonyl (vC = 0) band generated as a consequence of oxidation normalised normally to the intensity of an absorption band in the polymer spectrum that is invariant with respect to polymer oxidation. (In an analogous manner, a hydroxyl index may be determined from a determination of the absorbance intensity of a vOH band normalised against an absorbance band that is invariant to the extent of oxidation.) In the text following, two examples of multi-technique studies of polymer oxidation will be discussed briefly each includes a measure of a carbonyl index. 

In numerical texts, the right-hand side of (4.3) often has a multiplier, but this can be normalised out. We note that this is an instance of (4.1) with f(y) = V- tt has a known solution,... 

Note diat in die implementation used in this text the PLS loadings are neither normalised nor orthogonal. There are several different PLS 1 algorithms, so it is useful to check exactly what method a particular package uses, although the resultant concen-tration estimates should be identical for each method (unless there is a problem with convergence in iterative approaches). 

Fig. 11.7. Noncoplanar-symmetric momentum profiles at the indicated energies for the indicated transitions in argon, compared with calculated profiles (McCarthy et ai, 1989). Experimental data are normalised to the distorted-wave impulse approximation for the summed 3s manifold. Calculations are indicated by the square of a Hartree—Fock orbital multiplied by a spectroscopic factor. Configuration-interaction curves (Cl) are described in the text.

Table 1 Double-ionizations of the benzene molecule to singlet dication states, predicted in the standard enhanced ADC(2) approximation [5] and in the diagonal approximation described in the text. In this and subsequent tables, Term indicates the term symbol for a transition. Character the sum of the squares of the normalised transition eigenvector coefficients associated with the dominant basis configuration, and AE the small symmetry-breaking energy splitting in degenerate irreducible representations introduced by the diagonal approximation (see text)...

Fig. 11. (A) Voltage dependence of for the activation of For Fp< -50 mV, the time constants were evaluated from tail current records. The different symbols represent separate experiments. (B) Voltage dependence of the relaxation time constants of the gating currents. All results were normalised to a standard temperature of 6.3°C assuming m = 3. For V > -50 mV, t (F) was measured during the pulses for Fp < -50 mV, it was measured from the tail of the gating current and F, was varied. (O, , A, T, A, ) in fibres perfused with high Cs (the different symbols represent different experiments) (A, B, ) in fibres perfused with low Cs (50 mM CsF plus 900 mM sucrose), plotted with membrane potentials shifted 9mV in a negative direction (t(F) values from Table3 in [41]). The lines were computed to give a least-squares best fit of the points in A or in B (for parameters see text). (Adapted from Keynes and Rojas [38].)...

Memorandum on the Bases for Normalisation of Relations Between the Republic of Moldova and Transdniestria, 8 May 1997, at para. 2. Full text available at http //www.intstudies.cam.ac.uk/ centre/cps/documents moldova memo.html,... 

Fig. 3 Diminished proton release into the lumen (circles) and dimished proton uptake from the medium (squares) after DCCD-treatment. The values were calculated from Fig.l and Fig.2, respectively, and normalised as described in the text.

Fig. 10 Normalised change in interfacial pressure, R, versus time, t, for j8-L films expanded by 10% for A-W film of jCi = 26.0 mN m (O) and 0-W film of ni = 23.0 mN m ( ). Light curves show best fit of double exponential decay (see text)...

Fig. 1 - Values of I(0)/C (C is the concentration in mg/ml) normalised to 1.00 for free valyl-tRNA synthetase at each [ D2O ] [ H2Oj ratio, and Rq plotted as functions of the molar ratio of tRNA to enzyme. Concentrations of protein were maintained constant at 7 mg/ml. The curves were calculated from an equilibrium model given in the text.

Figure 6.11 FT-IR microspectroscopic imaging of a cryostat section from a well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Panel A Photomicrograph of the H E stained cryostat section. The sampling area was 1737.5 X 1625 j,m (279 x 261 microspectra). Panel B HCA map produced from vector normalised first derivative spectra (ten-class classification approach). Panel C Image segmentation by the toplevel artificial neural network (ANN) with five predefined classes of IR microspectra. Panel D IR imaging based on the sublevel ANN with 12 classes (see text and reference [34] for details).

Fig. 4A-H Comparison of two different variants of FRAP strip-FRAP and FLIP-FRAP (see also Fig. 3B, C). The combined use of the two protocols may allow to discriminate between transient binding and slow diffusion. The curves are based on computer simulated FRAP experiments (see the text) A, B schematic drawings of the strip-FRAP (see also Fig. 1C) and FLIP-FRAP methods. The FLIP-FRAP method differs from the strip-FRAP in that two areas are monitored after bleaching. Briefly, a strip at one pole of the nucleus is bleached for a relatively long period at a moderate excitation intensity. Subsequently the fluorescence is monitored in that region (FRAP), but also in the area at the other side of the nucleus (FLIP). Subsequently the difference between the two (normalised) fluorescence levels is plotted against time C schematic drawing of two scenarios where molecules are either free, but relatively slow (D=4 pmVs, top panel), or relatively fast (D=7 pm /s), but transiently immobilised such that 30% is immobile in steady state and individual molecules are immobilised for 45 s (bottom panel) D, E strip-FRAP and FLIP-FRAP curves of the scenarios depicted in C. In this case strip-FRAP can discriminate between the two cases, whereas the FLIP-FRAP curves are nearly identical F schematic drawing of a situation where freely mobile molecules are slower (D=l pmVs, top panel) than in C G,H strip-FRAP curves are identical whereas the FLIP-FRAP method can now discriminate between the two scenarios...

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