Tetragonal orbital state

Carbon Hybridization. The hybridization of the carbon atom from the ground state to the hybrid sp (or tetragonal) orbital state was described in Ch. 3, Secs. 2.2 and 2.3. It was shown that this hybridization accounts for the tetrahedral symmetry and the valence state of four with four 2sp orbitals arranged in a regular tetrahedron with equal angles to each other of 109° 28. The diamond structure is formed when carbon atoms are bonded to each other in the configuration (see Fig. 2.1 of Ch. 2).PI... 

In Ch. 2, Sec. 3, the hybridization of the carbon atom from the ground state to the hybrid sp (or tetragonal) orbital state is described. It is shown... 

The above equations have been obtained on the assumption that no orbital states have energies close to that of the ground state. This means that they should be applicable to d3, d5, and d8 for crystal fields which are close to octahedral in symmetry. They should be applicable to d4 and d9 also, when the distortion from octahedral symmetry is tetragonal, since in this case matrix elements of are zero between the ground state and the nearby excited state, d2, d6, and d1 in octahedral symmetry must be treated in a manner similar to that used for dl in Sec. III.D. For other crystal-field symmetries, the treatment used depends on whether the crystal field gives low-lying excited states that have nonzero matrix elements of with the ground state. 

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