Tertiary germanes

Berry and co-workers have reported a new method for the synthesis of moderate to high molecular weight polygermanes in very high yields by the catalytic coupling of tertiary germanes.83 This ruthenium-catalyzed process appears to be the first example of a catalytic demethanative coupling, in which element-element bonds are produced with the concurrent elimination of CH4 [Eq. (58)]. 

A protein molecule s amino acid sequence determines its properties. This has been shown for many proteins, which can be denatured and then refolded to re-form active protein tertiary structure. The biological translator thus has a somewhat easier task than the translation of human languages, because the mRNA and protein sequences are colinear. Important parts of the information don t rearrange from one language to another in contrast to the way, for example, that verbs occur at different positions in German and English sentences. 

Since hydroalumination by neutral aluminum hydrides is an electrophilic attack on a C= or C=C linkage, the reaction can be accelerated by Lewis acids such as aluminum halides, and be retarded by Lewis bases like R3N, R2O or even unsaturated R3AI cf. equation 38). Such reagents also exert an effect on the syn or anti character of the A1—H adduct. Evidence suggests that Lewis acids or bases principally affect the rate of isomerization of the initial syn adduct into the generally more stable anti adduct Lewis bases retard such isomerizations, while Lewis acids promote them. The presence of ethers or tertiary amines stabilize the syn adducts of alkynyl-silanes and -germanes (47) and permit such adducts to be formed in >95% geometrical purity (Scheme 12). ... 

Figure 3.7 a. Cumulative gas yield and rate of gas generation for US Carboniferous coals b. Cumulative gas yield and rate of gas generation for German Tertiary coals (after Higgs, 1986, Geological Society Special Publication, no. 23, Figs 4, 8, 10 and 11. Reprinted by permission). 

Petrov,V.A. Kunanets,V.K. Kvasov,B.A. Galakhov,M.V Makarov,K.N. German,L.S. Cleavage of perfluorinated tertiary amines with antimony pentafluoride. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1989 (1), 1616-1619. 

An interesting combination of incendiary actions is the subject of a German patent which claims thermitic high-temperature reactions between aluminum ( PyroschlifT ) or calcium silicide, with phosphates such as tertiary calcium phosphate as the oxidizer. Since phosphides are the products of reaction, the application of water during Are fighting will cause formation of self-flammable phosphine. It would appear that such secondary action might be more of a nuisance than tactically efficient. 

Rudresh, H. B., and Mayanna, S. M. (1980). Tertiary arsines as corrosion inhibitors for zinc in acid solutions. Werkst. Korros., 5/(4), 286-290 (in German). 

In 1888, a German chemist named Albert Baur decided to introduce a butyl group into TNT to try to make it more explosive. He synthesized a variation of TNT with a tertiary butyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. Baur was disappointed when this did not have explosive properties, but things turned out well, as it had a marvelous musk smell, and was adopted by the perfume industry. In the ultimate compliment to a chemist, the compound came to be known as Musk Baur. 

There are several reports in the literature of tertiary amine catalysis of reactions which appear to be of the phase transfer type. The first such example is the reaction of potassium benzoate with benzyl chloride to give benzyl benzoate, reported in a German patent issued in 1913 to be catalyzed by triethylamine [26]. Merker and Scott in 1961 utilized in situ quaternary ammonium carboxylate formation to facilitate the same esterification reaction [27]. Hennis and coworkers rediscovered and clarified amine catalysis in the reaction of benzyl chloride with potassium acetate... 

Arens, M., M. Hirschen, H. Klotz, Potentiometric titration of primary, secondary, and tertiary amine nitrogen content of surfactants—German Standard Methods for analysis of fats, fatty products, surfactants, and related materials Analysis of surface active materials XXXIl (in German), FettILipid, 1997,99,372-376. 

---