Terpenes sesquiterpenes

N.A. Terpenes, sesquiterpenes, aplotaxene, sausarine, resin." Depress the parasympathetic nervous system. 

Terpene Biosynthesis terpenes sesquiterpenes diterpenes steroids... 

When guayule is in an active growth phase, it produces little or no rubber, but if the plants are stressed, such as in cool weather or because of reduced moisture supply, biomass growth slows and the photosynthetic products are diverted to rubber production. The rubbers are not metabolized by the plant, even when it is deprived of all carbohydrates and other energy sources, and continue to accumulate for at least 10 years. The resins, which include terpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, glycerides, and low-molecular-weight polyiso-prenes, are found in resin ducts throughout the plant they constitute 10-15 dry wt % of the plant. 

Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl Bark exudates 7-17 terpenes, sesquiterpenes 51... 

Carrots The impact compound in fresh carrots is 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine together with numerous terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and P- ionone, which also contribute to the flavor of boiled carrots the latter contain additionally ( )-2-nonenal, ( )-2-decenaI (see alkenals), and ( , )- 2,4-decadienal as active principles. 

Definition Mixt. of hydrocarbons distilled from certain plants and trees such as pine and citrus consists of terpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, polyterpenes... 

Phytochemistry The herb contains anthocyans (hypericin, pseudohypercin, protopseudohypercin, frangula-emodin anthronol, etc.) and flavonoids (hyperoside, rutin, quercetrin, isoquercetrin, and quercetin). The herb also contains essential oil with terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and complex esters of isovalerianic acids, tannins, carotene, ceryl alcohol, choline, and traces of alkaloids (Khodzhimatov 1989 Nahrstedt and Butterweck 1997). 

Different organic groups have been used in synthetic perfumes hydrocarbons, terpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols (dtronelol, geraniol, cinnamic alcohol), fenols (p-cresol, thymol), aldehydes (cuminaldehyde, vanillin), ketones (carvone, muscone, ionones, metilion-ones), lactones (nonalactone, undecalactone), esters (acetates, formates, butyrates), nitrogen compounds (indol, methyl anthranilate, musk xylol, quinoHnes). 

Early studies indicated that terpenes were composed of five carbon units. By 1860, isoprene, a compound with the empirical formula C5H8, could be derived by pyrolysis of turpentine and rubber. Further, isoprene could be transformed into a C10H16 compound that subsequently decomposed back to the original five-carbon unit. Wallach recognized that terpenes could be subdivided into several groups hemiterpenes, true terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. In 1887, he proposed that monoterpenes (true terpenes) as well as other terpenoids were composed of isoprene units, a concept that became known as the isoprene rule (Wallach, 1887). The structure of isoprene was not solved until much later (Spurgeon and Porter, 1981). 

Cuparene (Enzell and Erdtman, 1958) has been found in fossil resins and today is among the hydrocarbons (terpene, sesquiterpene, diterpenes, etc.) present in cedarwood oil (from, e.g.. Juniperes virginiana L.). Interestingly, halogenated relatives are also found in red algae (Laurencia spp.). A few biosynthetic studies have been undertaken, and it is clear that a pattern of cyclization processes, such as that shown in Scheme 11.60, obtains. 

Cyclic terpenes (mono- and hicyclic terpenes) Sesquiterpenes (mono-, bi-, and tricycUc sesquiterpenes) Alcohols... 

Volatile oils produced by hydrodistillation are called essential oils, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons as terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes and oxygenated ones like alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, and phenols. Substances with sulfur or nitrogen can also be found in the mixture. Hydrolization of esters to corresponding alcohols during distillation is a negative aspect. 

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