Ternary Pd alloys

Computational characterizations have been successfully applied to Pd and a number of binary and ternary Pd alloys. The computational study of alloys has identified high-potential compositions for experimental study, thereby accelerating the time for demonstration of promising materials some results are described in Section 4.2. 

Ternary (and even higher) Pd alloys have also been studied for flieir potential to optimize membrane performance in multiple dimensions - permeability and poison resistance, for example. Experimental exploration of ternary composition space is challenging - many samples must be prepared and characterized to examine composition space with reasonable resolution. Thus, relatively few experimental studies of the hydrogen permeability of ternary Pd alloys have been reported most, but not all, examine a narrow range of compositions of a single ternary alloy. 

Pd-Ni (Pd4oNieo) [26] Dealloying a ternary AlysPdjoNiis alloy under free corrosion conditions Vulcan -0.4 V(vs. Hg/HgO) Better E and current dcmsily than nanoporous Pd/vulcan. This is supported by the high /f/Zb ratio of the Pd4oNi o, indicating a better poisoning tolerance... 

Pd-Ni (Pd4oNi6o) [26] Dealloying a ternary AlysPdioNiis alloy in a 20 wt.% NaOH solution Vulcan... 

Peters, T. A., Kaleta, T., Stange, M., Bredesen, R. (2011). Development of thin binary and ternary Pd-based alloy membranes for use in hydrogen production. Journal of Membrane Science, 3S3(1), 124-134. 

Ternary and Higher Alloys. Au-Ag-Cu, Au—Ag—Ni and Au—Ag—Pd alloys are of major importance for jewelry and dentistry (Tables 3.1-186,3.1-187) [1.250,251]. The microstructures and thus the mechanical properties are determined by wide miscibility gaps. Additions... 

Phases and Phase Equilibria. Selected phase diagrams are shown in Figs. 3.1-252-3.1-257 [1.219]. Pd forms continuous solid solutions with all other noble metals and with Co, Cu, Fe, and Ni. Miscibility gaps exist in alloys with C, Co, Ir, Pt, Rh, and ternary Pd—Ag—Cu alloys (Fig. 3.1-257) [1.220]. All platinum-group metals (PGM) lower the y-a transition temperature in Fe-alloys considerably (Fig. 3.1-343). Thermodynamic data are given in Tables 3.1-190-3.1-194. Numerous intermediate phases exist also in alloys with rare earth metals [1.216,217,217,222]. The solubility of... 

In addition to binary Au alloys, ternary alloys are sometimes utilized to optimize properties of interest. For example, Au-Pt conductors do not typically fire to high densities and tend to crack, or fissure, in high temperature processing. Small amounts of Pd to form a Au-Pt-Pd alloy usually increase the density of the fired film, reduce the tendency to fissure, and improve solder leach resistance. 

Figure 5. Schematic structure (left) of a ternary alloy on Ru(0 0 1) surface, MPt2/Ru, with M selected from the set Fe, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Snj.The two bottom layers represent Ru atoms while Pt atoms form the top surface atoms. The predicted surface activities of various ternary alloys are shown in the plot (right). (Reprinted from Ref [102], 2003, with permission from American Chemical Society.)...

Pd ternary alloys, including Pd-Co-Au [Fernandez et al., 2005a, b] and Pd-Co-Mo [Raghuveer et al., 2005] have been developed to further improve the stability of the catalyst. The addition of 10% Au to the Pd-Mo mixture improved catalyst stability. Another promising way to improve the activity and durability of Pd-M alloys is to deposit a Pt monolayer on them. Recently, a Pt monolayer deposited on PdsFe/C was found to possess higher activity than that of Pt/C [Shao et al., 2007b]. 

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