Ternary azeotropes with

Ethanol forms an azeotrope containing 5 wt % water. In older installations, dissolved salts were employed to break the azeotrope. Typical data are in Figure 13.28(c). Several substances form ternary azeotropes with ethanol and water, including benzene, gasoline, and trichlorethylene. The first is not satisfactory because of slight decomposition under distillation conditions. A flowsketeh of a... 

The added third component, sometimes called the entrainer, may form a ternary azeotrope with the two components being separated. However, it must be sufficiently volatile from the solution so that it is taken overhead with one of the two components in the distillation. If the entrainer and the component taken overhead separate into two liquid phases when the vapor overhead is condensed, the entrainer phase is refluxed back to the column. The other phase can be fractionated to remove the dissolved entrainer and the residual amount of the other component before it is discarded. Alternatively, this second liquid phase is recycled to some appropriate place in the main process scheme. 

By far, the most common prejudice (sometimes completely overlooking the other alternative) is to propose the most volatile composition (low-boiling node) as distillate (Fig. 28). In this region containing the decant aqueous layer, the lightest composition is the ternary azeotrope. With enough stages, all of the azeotropic composition in the decant aqueous layer may be recovered, and the underflow will contain only a binary ethanol-water mixture. If the distillate of... 

Properties Colorless liquid etherlike odor. Fp -88.68C, bp 63.2-65.6C, d 0.913 (20/4C), refr index 1.4320 (20C), flash p -22F (-30C). Insoluble in water 0.3 g/100 g water. Miscible with most organic solvents. Forms a binary azeotrope with methanol, a ternary azeotrope with methanol-water. 

Using benzene as the entrainer to the ethanol/water solution forms a ternary azeotrope at 100 kPa, 64.86°C, containing 22.81 mole% ethanol, 23.32 mole% water, and 53.87 mole% benzene. By adding benzene to the distillation column, the ternary azeotrope, with its lower boiling point than that of ethanol at 78.4°C, leaves the column in the distillate, and purified ethanol is recovered in the bottoms. 

An early application of azeotropic distillation was proposed by Guinot and Clark11 for the separation of ethanol and water by the use of benzene as the solvent. This process is based on the fact that benzene forms a ternary azeotrope with ethanol and water, which has a higher ratio of water to ethanol than does the ethanol-water azeotrope. In the first column, shown in Fig. 6-3, an azeotropic distillation is carried out. A two-phase liquid separation at 20°C in the decanter is used to concentrate the benzene in the reflux to the first column. The solvent benzene is recovered in the second column and water is removed in the third column. 

A recommended method of TXN purification involves recrystallization from water, diethyl ether or methylene dichloride, vacuum sublimation or distillation 44). TXN is inert towards alkalies thus, basic drying agents may be used to remove water. On the large scale TXN is conveniently dried by distillation of the crude trimer with solvent which forms ternary azeotropes with high water content (e.g. n-heptane)45). 

Isopropyl alcohol [67-63-0] (2-propanol, isopropanol) is a colorless liquid that is miscible in all proportions with water and with commonly used organic solvents. It forms binary and ternary azeotropes with water and many organic solvents. 

Table 7.4 Settling characteristics of water entrainers in ternary azeotropes with ethanol Density of...

Methyl Cellosolve does not form a ternary azeotrope with water and the hydrocarbons benzene, cyclohexane or toluene, although it does with xylene and ethylbenzene. As for ethyl Cellosolve, methyl Cellosolve can be dehydrated with toluene, provided a continuing use for the resulting methyl Cellosolve/toluene mixture can be found. If not, a Cj normal/isoalkane mixture can be used with a phase separation to remove the hydrocarbon when the feed has been dried. This will best be carried out in a hybrid or batch still and, if the same unit is used as for drying, facilities for rejecting both the denser (water) phase and the less dense (heptane) phase will be needed. 

Bromopropene 54,0 76 Ethyl propyl ether 55.5 METHANOL FORMS TERNARY AZEOTROPES WITH ... 

LYL ALCOHOL. FORMS TERNARY AZEOTROPES WITH 17, 5 Water 81.4... 

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL FORMS TERNARY AZEOTROPES WITH ... 

YYY. While there is no direct literature or specific experience bearing on the contamination in cleaning operations by water with binary azeotropes, there is peer-reviewed scientific literature describing the formation of ternary azeotropes and immiscible two-phase mixtures through solution of some binary azeotropes into water The ternary azeotropes (with water) usually boil at slightly higher... 

Benzene forms a ternary azeotrope with water and ethanol (18.5% ethanol, 7.4 % water, and 74.1% benzene), which distills first. 

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