Terminology problems

Evaluation problems of pattern classifiers for chemical problems have been treated by several authors. Detailed work about this topic is reported in about 20 papers listed below alphabetically. 

C553 Coomans, Jonckheer, Nassart, Broeckaert, Blockx (1978) C943 Gray (1976) 

E1721 Lowry, Isenhour, Justice, Me Lafferty, Dayringer, Venkataraghavan (1977) 

Unfortunately, not all authors use the same terminology. The following list may prevent possible confusions (the probabilities have been defined in Chapter 11.2). 

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Bolton I think there could be a terminology problem here. What is the resting state of smooth muscle ... 

A Terminology Problem There are theoretically several different alkalinity endpoints, each with its own name, and there is also some confusion in the usage of carbonate alkalinity and total alkalinity . In this book we discuss the only endpoint in common use (pH 4.3).7 We use total alkalinity to refer to the general case in which all ions which affect the titration are included, and carbonate alkalinity to refer to any titration or corrected titration in which only carbonate and/or bicarbonate ions are neutralized. 

The equations of electrocapillarity become complicated in the case of the solid metal-electrolyte interface. The problem is that the work spent in a differential stretching of the interface is not equal to that in forming an infinitesimal amount of new surface, if the surface is under elastic strain. Couchman and co-workers [142, 143] and Mobliner and Beck [144] have, among others, discussed the thermodynamics of the situation, including some of the problems of terminology. 

Some resource economists fervently support the concept of sustainability. Others argue that the principle is less coherent, comprehensible, and compelling than prior concepts, particularly the core economics principle of efficiency. For economists, the choice of terminology is sccondaiy. The priniai y concern is resolving the underlying problems of possible market inefficiencies and the ability of governments to cure them. 

It covers the principles of engineering drawings, computer graphics, descriptive geometry, and problem solving. The overall study of graphics involves the three basic aspects of terminology, skills, and theory. 

The use of electrical engineering terminology here is purely for the sake of definiteness. The results obtained apply to a wide variety of problems arising in such diverse fields as mechanical vibrations, acoustics, and, with t replaced by a space parameter, optics. 

Not all the problems that arise are clear-cut in fact, one problem may often mask another problem- or several minor problems may prove to be interdependent—providing a chain of cause and effect. As a result, different authorities may not always agree on the fundamental cause of a particular problem or even the precise chemistry involved. Terminology and problem definitions also may vary from country to country. 

One may question the relevance of this problem, or, in Kuhn s terminology, whether it belongs to normal science or to revolutionary science . Kuhn has commented on this classification ... to answer the question normal or revolutionary one must first ask, for whom . He gives two examples the advent of Copernican astronomy was a revolution for everyone, but the discovery of molecular oxygen was a revolution only for chemists. 

When trade-offs exist, no single compound will stand out uniquely as the optimum drug for the market, ranked hrst on all measures of performance. Rather, a set of compounds will be considered that, on current knowledge, span the optimal solution to the problem. These compounds are those for which there is no other compound that offers equivalent performance across all criteria and superior performance in at least one. In multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) terminology, they are known as Pareto-optimal solutions. This concept is illustrated by the two-criteria schematic in Figure 11.3. 

For each quantity that we want to maintain at some value, we need to ensure that the bioreactor is operating at the desired conditions. Let s use the pH as an example. In control calculations, we commonly use a block diagram to represent the problem (Fig. 1.2). We will learn how to use mathematics to describe each of the blocks. For now, the focus is on some common terminology. 

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