Teratogenic brain developmental development

Neural rosette formation and neural gene expression as endpoints for early brain development were studied in 9 days retinoic acid (RA) treated hESC-HUES-1-derived Neural Rosettes. RA regulated a variety of gene products involved in early brain development indicating that this in vitro test might be well suited for assessing prenatal developmental neural teratogenicity [110]. 

Cadmium has been shown to be teratogenic in hamsters, mice, and rats, under experimental situations involving either embryonic exposure in utero or challenge in an in vitro test system. Interference with normal development of the brain and eye rudiments is an important manifestation of cadmium teratogenicity, but malformations may also be observed in other soft tissues and in the skeleton. Specific defects observed are related to developmental stage at the time of exposure. 

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