Temperature energy recovery rate

Pyrolysis gas yield is 0.5 to 0.6 Nm3/lkg of raw refuse, and the higher temperature yields more gas with less tar and char. Fig,-3 and -4 indicate the gas yields vs. temperature and the gas components vs, temperature, respectively. The energy recovery rate is highest between 650° to 750°C of temperature, where recovered energy rate shows 50 to 60% which is deemed to be considerably higher than that of a conventional incinerator. Due to low production of the char and the tar which is generally difficult to treat, the gas treatment and other maintenance are easy (Fig.-5). 

In a minimum unit HEN the intermediate stream temperatures and heater loads, and thus the breakpoint locations, are uniquely determined by the energy balance and energy recovery constraints. Thus for given supply temperatures and flow rates, the Arm violations (and surpluses) and load violations (and surpluses) in each exchanger k are also uniquely determined. 

To automatically synthesize HENs operable ( resilient without any constraint on energy recovery see Section III,D) in a specified range of uncertain temperatures and flow rates, Floudas and Grossmann (1987b) have developed computer algorithms which iteratively synthesize a HEN, analyze its operability, and resynthesize a more operable HEN if neces-... 

The studied variables were the heating rate and the final pyrolysis temperature. Their effects on the product yields, gas composition and energy recovery were analysed. The effect of the two cited variables on the specific surface area of the resulting char is also analysed. 

Venezuela is one of the world s largest energy suppliers, in particular, of extraheavy crude oils and bitumens. Continuous steam injection could raise the oil recovery rates. Studies have been conducted in Venezuela to apply a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor to the chemical processes of extracting and upgrading the domestic heavy crude oil resources, of the production of synthetic fuel, and of the gasification of extra heavy oil and the so-called Orimulsion (mixture of bitumens and water) fuel [18]. 

These recovery values are fairly consistent regardless of pyrolysis temperature and heating rates. It seems that in the case of PMMA, as long as there is sufficient energy delivered to the sample in order to break a C-C bond, depolymerization occurs readily. 

When the load or output y) and inlet gas flow (Yin) of the converter is the same, the outlet concentration (v out) and the net value (A99) of ammonia must be the same if the temperature (tin) and the composition of inlet gas is the same, then the temperature of outlet gas (tout), volume of recycle gas and vent gas is the same, i.e., the heat recovery rate and the gas consumption of the converter is the same too (seen in Table 9.19). Therefore, in such conditions, the benefits of using the new highly-effective catalyst are embodied in the benefits of energy saving and pressure reducing which is shown in Table 9.21 which is an extension of Table 9.19. 

The operation of a reactor unit requires that the controls keep the system operating within an appropriate operating envelope. The envelope is based on many of the design, process, and (possibly) regulatory constraints. Additional controls may be installed to operate additional equipment needed for energy recovery, neutralization, or product(s) concentration. The control system should also be designed to vary one or more of the process variables to maintain the appropriate conditions for the reactor. These variations are programmed into the system based on the past experience of the unit manufacrnred. The operational parameters that may vary include the flow rate, any system airflow rate, temperatures, and system pressure. 

The amount of heat contained in the waste gas flow is the deciding criterion with regard to the feasibility of utilization or energy recovery. The determining quantities are the mass flow rate, the temperature of the waste gas and the thermal capacity. 

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