Temperature bond rotation

C-H bonds are spinning around tire vertical axis in tire acetate species, so tliat an almost equal probability of H emission exists in all azimutlial directions. If tlie surface is cooled to very low temperatures, tlie rotation of tlie -... 

Thiirane 1,1-dioxides extrude sulfur dioxide readily (70S393) at temperatures usually in the range 50-100 °C, although some, such as c/s-2,3-diphenylthiirane 1,1-dioxide or 2-p-nitrophenylthiirane 1,1-dioxide, lose sulfur dioxide at room temperature. The extrusion is usually stereospeciflc (Scheme 10) and a concerted, non-linear chelotropic expulsion of sulfur dioxide or a singlet diradical mechanism in which loss of sulfur dioxide occurs faster than bond rotation may be involved. The latter mechanism is likely for episulfones with substituents which can stabilize the intermediate diradical. The Ramberg-Backlund reaction (B-77MI50600) in which a-halosulfones are converted to alkenes in the presence of base, involves formation of an episulfone from which sulfur dioxide is removed either thermally or by base (Scheme 11). A similar conversion of a,a -dihalosulfones to alkenes is effected by triphenylphosphine. Thermolysis of a-thiolactone (5) results in loss of carbon monoxide rather than sulfur (Scheme 12). 

It has been common practice to blend plasticisers with certain polymers since the early days of the plastics industry when Alexander Parkes introduced Parkesine. When they were first used their function was primarily to act as spacers between the polymer molecules. Less energy was therefore required for molecular bond rotation and polymers became capable of flow at temperatures below their decomposition temperature. It was subsequently found that plasticisers could serve two additional purposes, to lower the melt viscosity and to change physical properties of the product such as to increase softness and flexibility and decrease the cold flex temperature (a measure of the temperature below which the polymer compound loses its flexibility). 

From X-ray diffraction experiments28 it is known that in the crystalline phase the erythrodiisotactic poly(l,2-dimethyltetramethylene) has a (g+aaa g aaa)n structure as shown in Fig. 13. The bold printed letters in the denotation give the conformation of the CH—CH bond. In agreement with this structure and low temperature solution state spectra of 2,3-dimethylbutane, 3,4-dimethylhexane, and 4,5-dimethyloctane 29 30) in which the CHCH bond rotation is frozen the crystalline signals can be assigned conclusively. Like for the crystalline state of poly(l,2-... 

The carbon chains of samrated fatty acids form a zigzag pattern when extended, as at low temperamres. At higher temperatures, some bonds rotate, causing chain shortening, which explains why biomembranes become thinner with increases in temperamre. A type of geometric isomerism occurs in unsaturated fatty acids, depending on the orientation of atoms or groups around the axes of double bonds, which do not allow rotation. If the acyl chains are on the same side of the bond, it is cis-, as in oleic acid if on opposite sides, it is tram-, as in elaidic acid, the tram isomer of oleic acid (Fig-... 

Iwata K, Ozawa R, Hamaguchi H (2002) Analysis of the solvent- and temperature-dependent Raman spectral changes of S1 trans-stilbene and the mechanism of the trans to cis isomerization dynamic polarization model of vibrational dephasing and the C=C double-bond rotation. J Phys Chem A 106 3614—3620... 

A third factor influencing the value of Tg is backbone symmetry, which affects the shape of the potential wells for bond rotations. This effect is illustrated by the pairs of polymers polypropylene (Tg=10 C) and polyisobutylene (Tg = -70 C), and poly(vinyi chloride) (Tg=87 C) and poly(vinylidene chloride) (Tg =- 19°C). The symmetrical polymers have lower glass transition temperatures than the unsymmetrical polymers despite the extra side group, although polystyrene (100 C) and poly(a-meth-ylstyrene) are illustrative exceptions. However, tacticity plays a very important role (54) in unsymmetrical polymers. Thus syndiotactic and isoitactic poly( methyl methacrylate) have Tg values of 115 and 45 C respectively. 

Low temperature cyclic voltammetry is also able to demonstrate reduction of the individual rotamers of 2,3-dibromobutane [115]. At room temperature when there is fast bond rotation, reduction proceeds through the conformation with trans-periplanar arrangement of carbon-bromine bonds. At -120° C, a second peak at more negative potentials appears in the cyclic voltamogram, due to elimination from tlie staggered arrangement of carbon-bromine bonds. 

Coldham and coworkers have shown that the asymmetric deprotonation protocol can be used to regioselectively alkylate the 5-position of imidazolidines (Scheme 35). The process is used as part of a sequence that results in asymmetric alkylation of 1,2-diamines with high stereoselectivity. The yields are limited, in this case, by the barrier to rotation around the carbamate C—N bond. Thus, only the amide rotamer having the carbonyl group syn to C-5 of the heterocycle is deprotonated. There are several examples in this review where this limitation is possible whether it is a factor or not may depend on the temperature at which amide bond rotation occurs versus the stability of the organolithium compound. In this case, the barrier to amide bond rotation was determined as 16.6 kcalmoD at 60 °C. 

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