Tables intercalation compounds

Among the alkali metals, Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs and their alloys have been used as exohedral dopants for Cgo [25, 26], with one electron typically transferred per alkali metal dopant. Although the metal atom diffusion rates appear to be considerably lower, some success has also been achieved with the intercalation of alkaline earth dopants, such as Ca, Sr, and Ba [27, 28, 29], where two electrons per metal atom M are transferred to the Cgo molecules for low concentrations of metal atoms, and less than two electrons per alkaline earth ion for high metal atom concentrations. Since the alkaline earth ions are smaller than the corresponding alkali metals in the same row of the periodic table, the crystal structures formed with alkaline earth doping are often different from those for the alkali metal dopants. Except for the alkali metal and alkaline earth intercalation compounds, few intercalation compounds have been investigated for their physical properties. 

Due to its high energy density (3,860 mAh/g) and low voltage, lithium is the most attractive metal of the periodic table for battery application. Unfortunately lithium metal, and most of its alloys cannot be used in rechargeable batteries because of their poor cyclability. Therefore, lithium intercalation compounds and reversible alloys are among today s materials of choice for subject application. The most common active materials for the negative electrodes in lithium-ion battery applications are carbonaceous materials. The ability of graphitized carbonaceous materials to... 

TABLE 3. Examples of hosts and guests in intercalation compounds... 

The major classes of insulating host lattices are given in Table 1. A very diverse range of compositions and structure types is included and it is beyond the scope of this article to describe all the structures and their associated chemistry in any detail. Some general comments concerning a few typical compounds will be made to illustrate the types of intercalation compounds and reactions that are known. 

Graphite intercalate compounds have been known for some but their possibilities as catalysts have been explored comparatively recently. Their catalytic activities obviously depend on the nature of the intercalated material, and a range of graphite intercalates has been identified (see Table 3),... 

Intercalate compounds have also been used to catalyse polymerization reactions,and typical results are shown in Table 5. The reaction mechanism proposed to explain the polymerization of styrene over CsK is particularly interesting in that the graphite is suggested to be involved in the reaction by anchoring the active anionic terminal, ... 

Table 5 Polymerization reactions catalysed by graphite intercalate compounds...

There are a vast number of different sorts of superconducting compound. Examples of these are summarized in Table 7.2. They include organic polymers and intercalation compounds (such as RbjCgjj), as well as ceramic oxides and sulfides. In all these compounds the critical temperature is still below the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. Hence, these materials would be very expensive to use in everyday life (as a litre of liquid helium costs 20 times as much as liquid nitrogen). 

Table 4 Selected examples of Intercalation compounds formed by layered metal dichalcogenides with different organometallic guests...

Table 6 Examples of organometallic Intercalation compounds of MOCI (M = Fe, V, and Tl)...

Table 3 Examples of organometallic intercalation compounds formed by the layered metal oxides...

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