Table fireworks

The colors of fireworks depend on the energies of the atomic orbitals of the various atomic ions, but orbital energy levels have consequences that are much more far-reaching. Orbital energies determine the stabilities of atoms and how atoms react. The structure of the periodic table is based on orbital energy levels. In this chapter we explore the details of orbital energies and relate them to the form and structure of the periodic table. This provides the foundation for interpreting chemical behavior patterns. 

The oxidising properties of these salts were described previously. It is not surprising to find a table of dangerous reactions for this type of oxidant. The problem may be aggravated by the frequency of these accidents since these salts are used in pyrotechnics. Indeed, they are the raw materials of all fireworks which produce green colours. 

Table 3.1 Pressure time data for firework roeket motor.

The data in Table 3.1 may then be plotted as in Figure 3.3 to give the pressure-time profile for the firework rocket motor. 

Dlphenylamlnochlorarslne (DM) Is a canary-yellow crystalline solid (see Table 4-1). It Is Insoluble In water, but soluble In organic solvents It melts at 195°C and bolls at 410°C.S it was first prepared by Welland in Germany (1915) and independently (1918) by Adams in the United States. During and after World War I, it was known as Adamsite. Slm O described Its odor as that of burning fireworks. DM can be disseminated as an aerosol, either from pyrotechnic mixtures in grenades or bombs, sprayed as a solution, or dispersed as a dust. It has been described as an irritant smoke, a stemutator, and a "sneeze gas."... 

The oldest and still widely used in pyrotechnics and fireworks "first fire" and "starter" mixture is BkPdr. It belongs to mixts without metallic ingredients. Metallic mixts contain combustible powdered metals, such as Mg, Al, Zr etc. Metalloids B and Si are considered metallic fuels because of their similarity in pyrochemical behavior to metals. Although BkPdrs are described in Vol 2 of Encycl, pp Bl65ff, we are giving here as Table E compns of three formulations used in pyrotechnics, as described by Ellern (Ref 57, p 375)... 

Table 1.6 Some significant discoveries in the history of incendiaries, fireworks, blackpowder and explosives...

Various mixtures of materials in fireworks were tested for deflagration. The results are shown in Table 3.27. Changes in the rate of pressure increase vary with the amount of sample tested, so that those known to deflagrate strongly were evaluated with lg samples. 

The man who rose from the secretaries table to lead us out was the chief secretary himself, Rafiaino Sciara, widely known asCircospetto. Noble politicians come and go like the doge, citizen Sciara goes on forever and he hoards more secrets than the Vatican. He and I have tangled in the past. He has a face like a skull and a sense of humor to match, but that evening I looked forward to fireworks, for the Maestro dislikes him even more than I do. 

Each symbol in the table, which is an imitation of a musical note, shows the kind of light spurce and is quite useful for planning artistic contrasts and programs of fireworks. The symbol J shows one shell. The position and the form of dots show the kinds of colour and brightness. In this book the symbol is called "firework note". 

To note the programme of a display, it is quite useful to use tables of music notes. Here the. author proposes the so called firework note", which was practically and conveniently used in the past (Fig.17). 

Potassium chlorate becomes quite sensitive in contact with red phosphorus and ignites very easily by friction. These properties are used in match. When it is mixed with sulphur or compounds of sulphur like realgar, antimony trisulphide etc., the sensitivity to shock or friction is highly increased. According to the late professor S.Yamamoto of Tokyo University, when a mixture of potassium chlorate and realgar was shaped into a small tablet in a hand press and left on a table, a little while later the tablet caused spontaneous ignition and burnt out. He tried the same tests sevejjral times and the results were the same. He concluded that it was caused by inner friction which occurs with the recovery of the stress produced by the press(s. Yamamoto Studies in safety in firework manufacture 1(1959)3 ... 

Table 20 shows the sensitivity values measured by the author. Other data on friction sensitivity measured by the BAJ machine have been reported(N.Ishikawa, M.Kusakabe, H.Sudo and T.Sakuma Friction sensitivity of firework compositions, J.Ind.Explosive society, Japan Vol.35,No.3... 

Examples of toy fireworks on the market are shown in Table 25-Table 25- Examples of toyfireworks on the market... 

As shown in above table, many toy fireworks are accentuated by a noise, D, because this is most effective but their prices are generally higher than the others. In this case,however there are safety problems in manufacture due to the use of the red explosive. The weight of composition per volume is generally less than 0.2 g per cc This is important in the safe handling of toy fireworks. 

In general many components are used for firework compositions and therefore the ingredients are often confusing to workers. Composition tables must be clearly laid out and the tare be written clearly on the outside of a vessel. When a mixing is finished, weigh the total amount of the mixture and confirm that this equals the sum of the. weight of each component. 

The readers perhaps notice in Table 28 the fact that, if materials which give a high sensitivity like red phosphorus, realgar, sulphur, antimony trisulphide etc. are rejected from firework compositions, firework manufacture is made much safer. In these circumstances devices are always necessary, the problem being that without these materials ignition can be difficult in fireworks. This is one of the most important themes in fireworks. 

Figure 7-4a shows a deposit of sodium chloride, or table salt—the most common sodium compound. Table salt occurs naturally in many foods. It is used to keep food from spoiling and to preserve foods for long-term storage, as shown in Figure 7-4b. These roles were especially important before the widespread use of refrigeration. Potassium chloride serves as a salt substitute for people whose intake of sodium must be limited. Potassium compounds are included in fertilizers because potassium is an important factor for plant growth and development. Potassium nitrate is used as an explosive for large-scale fireworks displays.

All the materials arranged in Table 1 are thought to have some relation in the firework field. The reactions with symbols are not all experimentally confirmed, but a few. 

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