T,-divide moving

Moving the Spatially Localized Hydrophobic Associations of Hemoglobin Back and Forth Across the T,-divide (Moving the Cusp of Insolubility)... 

Viscosity (Tj) - The proportionality factor between sheer rate and sheer stress, defined through the equation F = T, 4(dv/dx), where F is the tangential force required to move aplanar surface of area,4 at velocity V relative to a parallel surface separated from the first by a distance x. Sometimes called dynamic or absolute viscosity. The term kinematic viscosity (symbol v) is defined as T divided by the mass density. 

Capacity to Move the T,-divide as a Measure of Energy Available to the Consilient Mechanism (That Is, Moving the Temperature Interval)... 

Equation (5.9) provides an initial insight into the relationship between moving the T,-divide and changes in free energy of hydrophobic association it is of use when the value of AS,(x), or AH,(x) from which it is derived, is not available. Nonetheless, the limitations of Equation (5.9) become apparent when both AS,(x) and AS,(ref) are known, because reversal of roles of the reference and altered state should simply reverse the sign of AGha(X)> and this is not the case due to the approximation of Equations (5.3) and (5.4). 

Moving the T,-divide by Replacing V by Other Naturally Occurring Amino Acids... 

Moving the T,-divide Without Changing the Amino Acid Composition... 

Certain vitamins like B2 (riboflavin) and B3 (niacin) become chemically dressed up for attachment to proteins. As such these attached vitamins become redox couples that can accept electrons (become reduced) and give up electrons (become oxidized). A change in the redox state changes the temperature interval for the phase transition, that is, moves the T,-divide. Just as protonation of a carboxylate lowers the temperature interval, so too does adding electrons to the oxidized state of a redox couple. Lowering the temperature interval from above to below the operating temperature by reduc-... 

Inputs That Move the T,-divide Represent Energy Resources for the Consilient Mechanism of Energy Conversion Without Changing Temperature... 

A modest increase in temperature moves the hemoglobin tetramer across the T,-divide, surmounting the cusp of insolubility, to arrive at the more insoluble side wherein pairs of hydrophobic domains have moved from having greater exposure to water to exhibiting more... 

Recall from Figure 5.27 and associated discussion that, as the amount of hydrophobic hydration increases, the value of T, decreases. The cusp of insolubility moves to lower temperatures, from above to below physiological temperature. Accordingly, hydrophobic association between two surfaces occurs because the surfaces are sufficiently hydrophobic that during a transient opening so much hydrophobic hydration forms that the T,-divide is below the operating temperature. This causes the transiently... 

Specific effects described below are known for shifting the equilibrium in the direction of either the T or the R state. These effects are explicable in terms of the AT -mechanism for moving the T,-divide and the approximately equivalent Gibbs free energy of hydrophobic association, AGha, and its component the apolar-polar repulsive free energy of hydration, AGap. In all cases ion-pair formation associated with hydrophobic domains drives hydrophobic association. 

An important property of this or any electrical circuit is the rate that charge moves past a place in the circuit (e.g., out from or into a battery terminal). The electrical current (I) is defined to be the charge (Q) that flows, divided by the time (t) required for the flow I = Q/t. In S.I. units the current (I) is in amperes (A). 

Park, et. ai, make a number of interesting empirical observations about PFA. First, it is fairly easy to see that the position of the right-most T in a given particle can never move further to the right thus, all particles are either stationary or move left. Second, the maximum speed of a particle - defined as displacement, d (= number of sites shifted to left before pattern begins repeating), divided by period,... 

Figure 5. Reaction probabilities for a given instance of the noise as a function of the total integration time Tint for different values of the anharmonic coupling constant k. The solid lines represent the forward and backward reaction probabilities calculated using the moving dividing surface and the dashed lines correspond to the results obtained from the standard fixed dividing surface. In the top panel the dotted lines display the analytic estimates provided by Eq. (52). The results were obtained from 15,000 barrier ensemble trajectories subject to the same noise sequence evolved on the reactive potential (48) with barrier frequency to, = 0.75, transverse frequency co-y = 1.5, a damping constant y = 0.2, and temperature k%T = 1. (From Ref. 39.)...

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