Systems Other than Escherichia coli

Cloning in Systems Other than Escherichia coli 

Despite the success and broad applications of E. coli cloning systems, instances occur in which gene products cannot be made in this bacterium. Either they are not synthesized in 

Effective cloning systems are available for a variety of bacterial hosts, including Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces spp., and Agrobacter tumefaciens. Cloning systems have also been developed for eukaryotic hosts such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian cells in tissue culture, and plant cells. 

Site-Directed Metagenesis Permits the Restructuring of Existing Genes 

This technique, called site-directed mutagenesis, is one of the most important in modern genetics and biochemistry. The first site-directed mutagenesis studies were carried out by David Shortle and Daniel Nathans in 1978 with the help of the mutagen sodium bisulfite, which deaminates C residues so that they become converted into U residues. 

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Cloning in Systems Other than Escherichia coli Site-Directed Mutagenesis Permits the Restructuring of Existing Genes... 

Regarding research on topics other than those related to yeast expression systems, Betenbaugh and Lee et al., and Jarvis et al. reported synthesis of proteins with modified human type carbohydrates using insect cells [59,60,61,62]. Abei et al. and Shultz et al. reported innovative techniques allowing synthesis of glycoproteins with Escherichia coli serving as the host [63,64,65]. Further advances are expected in these fields of research. 

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