Systemic wound signal

LI, C.Y., LIU, G.H., XU, C.C., LEE, G.I., BAUER, P., LING, H.Q., GANAL, M.W., HOWE, G.A., The tomato Suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 gene encodes a fatty acid desaturase required for the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and the production of a systemic wound signal for defense gene expression. Plant Ce//, 2003,15, 1646-1661. 

Fig. (1). The wound response in tomato plants. Tomato plants respond to wounding with the transcriptional activation and accumulation of Systemic Wound Response Proteins including defense proteins, proteolysis-associated proteins, signaling-associated proteins, and proteins of yet unknown function in plants defense. The change in gene expression can be monitored on SDS-PAGE gels. In comparison to control plants (I), treatment with systemin (II), or overexpression of the prosystemin cDNA (III) leads to the accumulation of SWRPs (arrowheads) and the downregulation of other, unidentified proteins (triangles). The figure was modified after [13].

Saturable reactors, which are adjustable by a small dc signal, have also been used for both primary (stator) and secondary (rotor) control. In the primary they control motor voltage and therefore torque. In combination with fixed secondary resistors and feedback from a tachometer, this system can be used for precise speed and torque control of cranes, hoists, etc. Even reversing can be accomplished by using two saturable reactors in each of two (of three) phases. Other combinations of fixed or saturable reac tors in the primaiy and/or secondaiy, all combined with secondary resistors, provide a wide range of capabiUties and flexibihty for the wound-rotor motor. 

Wounding and herbivore attack Different situations such as mechanical wounding or insect feeding produced the induction of LOX transcripts in wounded and systemic leaves in the same plant. The function of LOX in wounding seems to be related to the synthesis of a number of different compounds with signaling activity. 

Ueda H, Matsuda K (2011) VOC-mediated within-plant communications and nonvolatile systemic signals upregulate pyrethrin biosynthesis in wounded seedlings of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. J Plant Interact 6 89-91... 

In tomato and potato plants, two families of Pis have been identified that show wound-inducible expression. Within 48 h after wounding of leaves of these plants, up to 2% of leaf protein content is made up of protease inhibitors. Potato type I (Potl) inhibitors are not only expressed in wounded leaves but also in tissue of leaves away from the site of attack. ° This finding prompted the search for a hormone or inducing factor that carries the signal for enhanced inhibitor expression through the plant system. Systemin, an 18-residue peptide hormone, has since been reported to induce more than 15 genes of defense nature in tomatoes. ... 

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