System-oriented approach

Logic trees are committee-based investigation toois that use a muitipie cause, system-oriented approach to determine root causes integrated with process safety management program. Exampies fauit tree, event tree, causai tree, and why tree. 

Kitano, H. (2002b). Looking beyond the details a rise in system-oriented approaches in genetics and molecular biology. Curr. Genet. 41, 1-10. 

Managing customer service and service quality is a complex task that requires a hoUstic approach that takes into account people (customers and employees), material resources, and abstract entities such as products and processes. A system-oriented approach is useful for mastering this complexity because it supports the understanding of the manifold dependencies within a service oiganization. 

An Integrated Systems-oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics... 

Safety and risk management research in healthcare has adopted as its dominant trend the systems oriented approach, modelled largely on previous research in safely critical industries such as aviation and nuclear power. The systems view entails that the focus is not primarily on the mechanisms of individual human error but on the factors that shape human performance (Rasmussen 1986 Reason 1993,1997). In an organisational context, such factors are, of course, those that are within the control of the organisation. For instance, it has been suggested that quahty and safety are affected not only by operators professional and technical competence and skills, but also by their attitudes to and perceptions of their job roles, their organisation and management (Helmreich and Merritt 1998). Such employee attitudes and views are important elements which shape safety cirlture - and its related notion safety climate . Indeed, survey studies have shown that staff attitudes are important indices of safety performance not only in human-machine system domains such as railway operations and constmction (e.g. Itoh and Andersen 1999 Itoh et al. 2004 Silva et al. 2004) but also in healthcare (e.g. Colla et al. 2005 Itoh and Andersen 2010). 

To use circumstantial evidence derived from field and laboratory bioassays to make a case for allelopathy in any ecosystem requires both a system-oriented and a reductionist approach. The system-oriented approach describes the behavior of the system and suggests testable hypotheses for determining cause and effect. The reductionist approach is a way of testing the potential of the proposed (hypothesized) cause and effect relationships. In theory good predictive empirical field and laboratory data will be useful in providing circumstantial evidence for or against the presence of plant-plant allelopathic interactions. However, recall that predictions deduced for hypotheses of field and laboratory bioassays are either accepted or rejected. The acceptance or rejection of such predictions, unfortunately, does not prove or disprove the presence of allelopathic interactions. Thus, the role of plant-plant allelopathic interactions in wheat no-till crop systems or for that matter any other ecosystem (except in the most extreme cases), will always be disputable. 

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