System level mitigation strategies

The most effective mitigation approach is likely a combined system-, device- and material-level approach for a particular application. Fundamental understanding of the degradation mechanisms of the PEM at the nano- and microscale is essential to provide a linkage of the key processes occurring at that scale to the device- and system-level engineering strategies. It will provide the most probable pathway to break the current technical barriers in the PEM fuel cell development. 

The quality of design (product and its manufacturing process)—the ability to reliably predict quality and performance, process monitoring and controls, process capability and appropriate risk-mitigation strategies—provides an opportunity to achieve real time quality assurance (the ultimate level of efficiency). This also provides an excellent opportunity to develop efficient and effective quality assurance systems as an alternative to market or public standards (18). 

This problem also exists with the biphasic system. In both strategies, a compromise would have to balance extractability and solubility. An example is to produce copolymers of EO and PO. At high concentrations of PO, the polymer becomes insoluble, but at the expense of decreasing the copolymer s ability to extract highly polar pollutants. The old rule that like dissolves like applies. The problem is mitigated, but not eliminated, by the construction of a block copolymer. When the concentrations of the PO and EO are adjusted just below the solubility level, small changes in temperature typical in field extraction studies can transform a system from soluble to insoluble. 

The objectives of the present review include an improved synthesis and evaluation of the current air contamination state of the art, including their sources, their effects and associated predictive math atical models, and mitigation strategies. The information collected is also discussed at a high level to identily the most relevant future research activities, with special attention given to the fact that many contaminants still need to be evaluated in a timely fashion to meet an aggressive automotive fuel cell system development schedule. 

Safety systems for the mitigation of severe accident are designed to meet level 4 of the defence in depth strategy against significant releases of radioactivity to the environment. From this point of view, the main goals of severe accident mitigation are as follows ... 

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