Synthetic polymer matrix biomedical

Finally, collagen can form a variety of collagen composites with other water-soluble materials. Ions, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides can all be uniformly incorporated into a collagen matrix. The methods of composite formation include ionic and covalent bonding, entrapment, entanglement, and co-precipitation. A two-phase composite can be formed between collagen, ceramics, and synthetic polymers for specific biomedical applications. 

As mentioned previously, this method can be applied only to polymers that can be ionised in the gaseous state. Another requirement is that the polymer needs to be molecularly adsorbed on the matrix, which means that the matrix and the polymer need to be compatible. The method is well adapted to the analysis of peptides, proteins and all synthetic polymers that can be ionised. The domain of application is not restricted to the characterisation of polymers and copolymers, including most of those developed for biomedical applications. MALDI-TOF can also be used to follow polymerisation reactions and... 

Moreover, owing to their similarity with the extracellular matrix (ECM), natural polymers may also reduce the stimulation of chronic inflammation or immunological reactions and toxicity, often detected with synthetic polymers. Because the distinct properties of each of these hydrogel classes, gels that are based on the combination of natural and synthetic polymers have attracted signihcant attention for biological and biomedical applications (Caron et ah, 2016 DeForest et ah, 2010). 

Polyanitine was the first CP polymer, which was described in the mid-19th century by Henry Letheby [36]. Since then numerous intrinsically CP have been developed, among others polyacetylene, polythiophene, polypyrrole. CPs, also referred to as synthetic metals, have found applications in many fields. They are integrated for example in solar cells, rechargeable batteries and biomedical devices [37]. CPs are also very attractive for biosensors. In biosensors, CP can be used as excellent non-metallic electrodes. Numerous biosensors have been developed over the past 20 years with electrodes made of CP. The fabrication is fairly easy and flexible. This allows the biosensors to be single-use system avoiding any risk of contamination and adaptation of the biosensors to new targets can be rapidly made. They are mostly biocompatible, can easily be synthesized and can be modified for immobilization of bioelements [38]. These conductive polymers are referred to as intrinsic conductive polymers in comparison to extrinsic conductive polymers that are a polymer matrix in which some metal particles have been entrapped [39]. 

Synthetic approaches to produce polymers with desirable biomedical characteristics for this class of materials have been extensively reviewed (Allcock, 1990 Crommen et al, 1993). Poly[(amino acid ester) phos-phazenes] are knovm to be susceptible toward hydrolytic degradation and hold promise as degradable materials. Recently, Laurencin etal (1987) used a poly(imidazole methylphenoxy) phosphazene to study the release characteristics ofBSA. Protein release was demonstrated using C-labeled BSA in a 20% imidazole-substituted polyphosphazene. Release from this matrix consisted of an initial burst of almost 25% of the protein, followed by release over several hundred hours in which a total of 55% of the protein was released. Polymer degradation for the 20% imidazole-substituted polyphosphazene was also studied and found to be quite slow, with 4% of the polymer degraded in 600 hr. 

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