Synthesized SCPs

Poly(2,5-silole) 7 shows a Aab of 482 nm at room temperature.24 A band gap of the polymer, if calculated with the absorption edge (650 nm), is 1.9 eV. A silole-thiophene alternating copolymer 8 can show a further decreased band gap.25 The copolymer displays a broad absorption spectrum with Aab at 648 nm in chloroform. The calculated band gap from the absorption edge is only 1.55 eV, a very small value so far reported for the synthesized SCPs. 

A star copolymer (SCP) of PCLA was synthesized by Younes and coworkers. This kind of SCP PCLA elastomer was also synthesized in two steps. First, the small molecular SCP was produced by ring-opening polymerization of s-caprolactone (s-CL) with glycerol as initiator and stannous 2-ethyUiexanoate as catalyst. Second, the living SCP was further reacted with different ratios of a cross-linking monomer, such as 2,2-bis(s-CL-4-yl)-propane (BCP) and s-CL. The SCP elastomers had very low glass transition temperature (—32°C). It was reported that the SCPs were soft and weak with physical properties similar to those of natural bioelastomers such as elastin. A logarithmic decrease in each tensile property with time was observed in this SCP PCLA. 

The incorporation of siloles in polymers is of interest and importance in chemistry and functionalities. Some optoelectronic properties, impossible to obtain in silole small molecules, may be realized with silole-containing polymers (SCPs). The first synthesis of SCPs was reported in 1992.21 Since then, different types of SCPs, such as main chain type 7r-conjugated SCPs catenated through the aromatic carbon of a silole, main chain type cr-conjugated SCPs catenated through the silicon atom of a silole, SCPs with silole pendants, and hyperbranched or dendritic SCPs (Fig. 2), have been synthesized.10 In this chapter, the functionalities of SCPs, such as band gap, photoluminescence, electroluminescence, bulk-heterojunction solar cells, field effect transistors, aggregation-induced emission, chemosensors, conductivity, and optical limiting, are summarized. 

Some yeasts and bacteria are able to produce different alcohols like ethanol and butanol as well as polyols like glycerin and 2,3-butandiol. These compounds- are used in drinks such as beer and wines, and also may be used in or as solvents, drugs, chemicals, oils, waxes, lacquers, antifreezing and antifoaming agents, precipitants, dyestuff, pomades, raw materials for chemical syntheses, motor fuels, and carbon sources for SCP production. These products are mainly synthesized from petroleum — derived materials like ethylene and acetaldehyde. However, because of the insufficient availability and high prices of the raw materials, the microbial production of alcohols has become an interesting area for many researchers. 

Proteins can be commercially produced from different substrates by a series of microbiological syntheses. Yeasts can convert straight-chain paraffins, gas oils, ethanol, or cellulose to single cell proteins, SCP. SCP can also be obtained by converting paraffins, gas oils, methanol, ethanol, methane, or cellulose with bacteria sugar, starches, and other carbohydrates... 

Recently, Schmidt and coworkers introduced a novel assay to determine binding affinities and IC50 values by mimicking more closely cell-cell contacts and their inhibition. They synthesized soft colloidal particles (SCPs) functionalized with mannose ligands and incubated these microgels on a... 

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