Symbols Used in This Book

Note The symbols used in this book are generally according to IS03753 1977 (BS 5543 1978) see the Appendix on p. 225. 

The following is a list of some of the main symbols used in this book ... 

It was for a long time believed that the available energy for external work from a chemical reaction could be obtained by measuring the heat of reaction. In terms of the symbols used in this book this is equivalent to... 

Regrettably, the symbols used in the electrochemical literature remain far from uniform. Hence the symbols used in this book are listed below as an aid to the reader. In general, when selecting symbols we have tried to conform to the lUPAC convention (see ref. 1 in Chapter 1) in a few instances there is an obvious clash between the convention and present practice, and in some of these cases, after a struggle with our consciences, we have come down on the side of current practice. 

The reader probably knows from high school science courses that the primary coil of this transformer usually has several hundred "turns" of wire in its coil, although the transformer symbol used in this book only shows 3 turns. The secondary would have only one tenth as many turns, but for simplicity, each of the "windings" is shown here as having 3 turns. In this experiment the windings are not being used as a transformer — we are merely using one part as a simple inductor. 

The symbols used in this book are listed together with the proper units of measurement, according to the International System of Units (SI). 

APPENDIX A15. Greek Symbols Used in This Book... 

Abbreviations and symbols commonly used in this book include ... 

On this table, the Arrhenius number E/RT was designated by e, but this symbol is already used in this book for the empty fraction in a packed bed. The correct symbol for E/RT = y is used here. On the last line in this table the derivative of the heat removal rate is given ... 

In Table 7.1 at the end of the book), nuclear data are collected for those Mdssbauer transitions of transition metal nuclides that are used in Mossbauer spectroscopy. The symbols used in this table have the following meaning ... 

The following tables summarize the units used in this book. For more extensive tabulations, the reader is referred to the Green Book , et al. (eds), Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry ,... 

Symbols and units used in this book are in accordance with the IUPAC recommendations. We are very grateful to Elena Batova for attentive English editing of the manuscripts Parts I and II of this book. 

In traditional two-dimensional structural formulas (A1), atoms are represented as letter symbols and electron pairs are shown as lines. Lines between two atomic symbols symbolize two bonding electrons (see p. 4), and all of the other lines represent free electron pairs, such as those that occur in 0 and N atoms. Free electrons are usually not represented explicitly (and this is the convention used in this book as well). Dashed or continuous circles or arcs are used to emphasize delocalized electrons. 

The symbols given in this book for the various heats of reaction, fusion, vaporization, sublimation, transition, dissociation, and formation are merely abbreviations used for convenience in the present work, and are not proposed to be used in lieu of, or in connection with, the regularly accepted symbols of chemical thermodynamics. 

The value of AG 0 = + 5.4 kj mol1 for this reaction is hardly the large negative number expected for a highly spontaneous reaction. What is the matter The problem is that H+ is produced and that the standard state of H+ is 1 M, not 10 7 M. Because of this, biochemists often prefer to use another kind of apparent dissociation constant and an apparent AG such that the standard state of H+ is taken as that of the pH at which the experiments were done, usually pH 7. The symbol K has often be used and is used in this book to represent the following... 

The table below lists the symbols that were used in this book for quick reference. In some cases, the use of the same symbol to refer to two different things was inevitable. In such cases, the meaning should be clear from the context. 

In this book we use SI units and IUPAC symbolism and terminology as far as possible. The complete set of notation used in this book is given before this chapter. For clarity and consistency we have made some choices of notation that differ from IUPAC recommendations. Notation is defined where first introduced. Amongst other exceptions is the use of the phrase amount of substance for the variable n, which has been traditionally called the number of moles or, as we most frequently call it, the mole numbers. Some basic reference tables are given in the appendices. 

There are non-SI units that are widely used. Table 1 -2 provides a list of commonly used symbols, both SI and non-SI. The listed symbols are used in this book however, there are others that will be introduced at appropriate places to aid in solving problems and communicating. 

See, for example, Chap. 9 in K. Denbigh, The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981. ThelUPAC recommendation for the symbol to represent rational activity coefficients is yx, which is not used in this book in order to make the distinction between solid solutions and aqueous solutions more evident. In strict chemical thermodynamics, however, all activity coefficients are based on the mole fraction scale, with the definition for aqueous species (Eq. 1.12) actually being a variant that reflects better the ionic nature of electrolyte solutions and the dominant contribution of liquid water to these mixtures. (See, for example, Chap. 2 inR. A. RobinsonandR. H. Stokes,Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1970.)... 

Potential values (in V) are normalised by the 7ZT/nT unit and usually by referring to some reference value E°, using (in this book) the symbol p ... 

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