Symbols approximately

Gas Chemical formula or symbol Approximate molecular weight (M) Heat capacity ratio 7 = CpICy... 

Particle (symbol) Approximate Mass (amu) Charge (relative scale)... 

Gas Chemical Formula or Symbol Approximate Molecular Weight k(Cp/Cv)... 

Element Symbol Approximate atomic mass/u Element Symbol Approximate atomic mass/u... 

Figure 11. Pressure dependence of the diffusivity of oxygen atoms at 4000 K. Three kinds of symbols and lines correspond to three types of potential parameters type I ( , a solid line), type n ( , a dashed line) and type III (o, a dotted line), where the size of the symbols approximates the error bars. The lines are the results of the least-square fitting with eq.(8). Pc s for each potential are denoted with arrows.

Chemoresistors for hquid phase (impedimetric sensors) have a design similar to that of gas sensors (Fig. 5.7). In contact with electrolytic solution, a specific electrochemical cell is estabhshed. With this cell, the measming set-up cannot be arranged to respond to effects of a single electrode alone, as was possible with classical electrochemical impedance experiments (Sect. 2.2.6). Hence, with chemoresistors the equivalent circuit must consider both electrodes. For a sensitive layer with some intrinsic conductivity, for the low frequency range the conditions can be symbolized approximately by Fig. 5.9. Cf and R symbolize the film s capacity and resistance, respectively. Q and R are the corresponding quantities of the sensor interface. 

S(p) is thus the harmonic approximation counterpart of the function/(p). To simplify the orthography, we use symbol instead of the usual For a... 

In Table I, 3D stands for three dimensional. The symbol symbol in connection with the bending potentials means that the bending potentials are considered in the lowest order approximation as already realized by Renner [7], the splitting of the adiabatic potentials has a p dependence at small distortions of linearity. With exact fomi of the spin-orbit part of the Hamiltonian we mean the microscopic (i.e., nonphenomenological) many-elecbon counterpart of, for example, The Breit-Pauli two-electron operator [22] (see also [23]). 

This list contains the most frequently used symbols and physical constants ordered according to approximate appearance in the text. 

It is conventional to use molality—moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (symbol m)—as the concentration unit in electrolyte thermodynamics. Accordingly, we shall represent the concentrations of both the indifferent electrolyte and the polymer in these units in this section m3 and m2, respectively. In the same dilute (with respect to polymer) approximation that we have used elsewhere in this chapter, m2 is related to the mass volume system of units C2 by... 

Figure 9.24 shows part of the laser Stark spectrum of the bent triatomic molecule FNO obtained with a CO infrared laser operating at 1837.430 cm All the transitions shown are Stark components of the rotational line of the Ig vibrational transition, where Vj is the N-F stretching vibration. The rotational symbolism is that for a symmetric rotor (to which FNO approximates) for which q implies that AA = 0, P implies that A/ = — 1 and the numbers indicate that K" = 7 and J" = 8 (see Section 6.2.4.2). In an electric field each J level is split into (J + 1) components (see Section 5.2.3), each specified by its value of Mj. The selection mle when the radiation is polarized perpendicular to the field (as here) is AMj = 1. Eight of the resulting Stark components are shown. 

A sampler (i.e. an A/D eonverter) is represented by a switeh symbol as shown in Figure 7.5. It is possible to reeonstruet f t) approximately from f t) by the use of a hold deviee, the most eommon of whieh is the zero-order hold (D/A eonverter) as shown in Figure 7.6. From Figure 7.6 it ean be seen that a zero-order hold eonverts a series of impulses into a series of pulses of width T. Flenee a unit impulse at time t is eonverted into a pulse of width T, whieh may be ereated by a positive unit step at time t, followed by a negative unit step at time (t — T), i.e. delayed by T. 

FIG. 14 Phase diagram of the quantum APR model in the Q -T plane. The solid curve shows the line of continuous phase transitions from an ordered phase at low temperatures and small rotational constants to a disordered phase according to the mean-field approximation. The symbols show the transitions found by the finite-size scaling analysis of the path integral Monte Carlo data. The dashed line connecting these data is for visual help only. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 328, Fig. 2. 1997, American Physical Society.)... 

The proliferation of acidity functions is a consequence of the activity coefficient cancellation assumption. According to Eq. (8-89), a plot of log(cB/cBH+) against Hq should be linear with unit slope. Such plots are usually linear (for bases of closely related structure), but the slopes often differ from unity. - This behavior is an indication that the cancellation assumption (also called the zero-order approximation) is not valid, and several groups have devised alternatives. We will use the symbolism of Cox and Yates. ... 

The symbol ao is the first Bohr radius, approximately 52.9 pm, and to is the permittivity of free space.) As we will see in later chapters, Gaussian orbitals are... 

In the CVM, the free energy of a given alloy is approximated in terms of probabihties for a selected set of finite clusters. The largest cluster explicitly considered in the free energy functional specifies the level of the approximation. The common practice for an fcc-based system is the tetrahedron approximation [26] in which nearest neighbor tetrahedron cluster is taken as the largest cluster. Hence, within the tetrahedron approximation, the free energy expression, F,is symbolically expressed as... 

Uranium (symbol U atomic number 92) is the heaviest element to occur naturally on Earth. The most commonly occurring natural isotope of uranium, U-238, accounts for approximately 99.3 percent of the world s uranium. The isotope U-235, the second most abundant naturally occurring isotope, accounts for another 0.7 percent. A third isotope, U-234, also occurs uatiirally, but accounts for less than 0.01 percent of the total naturally occurring uranium. The isotope U-234 is actually a product of radioactive decay of U-238. 

The Schrodinger equation can be solved approximately for atoms with two or more electrons. There are many solutions for the wave function, ij/, each associated with a set of numbers called quantum numbers. Three such numbers are given the symbols n, , and mi. A wave function corresponding to a particular set of three quantum numbers (e.g., n = 2, = 1, mi = 0) is associated with an electron occupying an atomic orbital. From the expression for ij/y we can deduce the relative energy of that orbital, its shape, and its orientation in space. 

We now proceed to write out the London energy with the same symbols and approximations as were made before. In particular we retain the approximation that the (f> s are orthogonal to the xpfs. 

In Eq. (15), all symbols are the same as in preceding formulas, and fXi is the share of melt free volume at experimental temperature. Its value is easily determined from the known approximated formula (cf., for instance, [50]). 

The Alexander model is based on two assumptions that enable simple expressions for these two terms (1) The concentration profile of the layer is step-like. That is, the monomer volume fraction within the layer, (p Na3/d2L, is constant, independent of position (2) The chains are uniformly stretched. That is, all chain ends are positioned on a single plane at a distance L from the surface. [In this paper, we use the symbol to mean approximately equal to or equal to within a numerical factor of order one we use to mean proportional to .] The first assumption simplifies the calculation of Fin, while the second yields a simple expression for Fel. 

The symbol k or K is the rate or equilibrium constant, respectively, for a side-chain reaction of a meta- or para-substituted benzene derivative, and k° or K° denotes the statistical quantity (intercept term) approximating to k or K for the parent or unsubstituted compound. The substituent constant a measures the polar (electronic) effect of replacing H by a given substituent (in the meta- or para-position) and is, in principle, independent of the nature of the reaction. The reaction constant p depends on the nature of... 

The most common states of a pure substance are solid, liquid, or gas (vapor), state property See state function. state symbol A symbol (abbreviation) denoting the state of a species. Examples s (solid) I (liquid) g (gas) aq (aqueous solution), statistical entropy The entropy calculated from statistical thermodynamics S = k In W. statistical thermodynamics The interpretation of the laws of thermodynamics in terms of the behavior of large numbers of atoms and molecules, steady-state approximation The assumption that the net rate of formation of reaction intermediates is 0. Stefan-Boltzmann law The total intensity of radiation emitted by a heated black body is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature, stereoisomers Isomers in which atoms have the same partners arranged differently in space, stereoregular polymer A polymer in which each unit or pair of repeating units has the same relative orientation, steric factor (P) An empirical factor that takes into account the steric requirement of a reaction, steric requirement A constraint on an elementary reaction in which the successful collision of two molecules depends on their relative orientation. 

It will be noted that applying the present approximation for the analysis of the stability of capillary flow at high heat fluxes corresponding to the domain 0 < Xf < x[ is purely symbolic, since the general assumption that Pol < 1 is not valid at... 

Space Group and Pearson Symbol Pnma, oP20 Composition narrow range of homogeneity (approximately 39 0 at/°C)... 

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