SWS deficit

The present section brings some support to the notion that a deficient NREM-promoting system may underlie sleep disturbances in depressive disorder. These arguments are not at variance with those of the preceding section since hypotheses of hyperarousal and of Process S deficiency are not mutually exclusive both together or separately could explain sleep continuity disturbances and SWS deficit observed in depressive illness. 

Sleep-wake state alterations in PD can be broadly classified into disturbances of (1) thalamocortical arousal state and (2) excessive nocturnal movement (Rye and Bliwise 2004 Rye and Iranzo 2005). The former includes the loss of sleep spindles and SWS, daytime sleepiness, and intrusion of REM sleep into daytime naps (i.e. sleep onset REM periods, or SOREMs), and the latter encompass periodic leg movements of sleep (PLMs) and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). The pathophysiological basis of sleepiness and SOREMs appears to be dopaminergic cell loss in PD, though excessive nocturnal movements are not as clearly related to dopaminergic deficits. 

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Figure 15. Jupiter atmospheric Xe composition measured by the Galileo Probe mass spectrometer (Mahaffy et al. 2000), calculated as the abundance of each isotope M divided by the total abundance for all M and plotted relative to the NEA-Xe composition (Table 1) represented in the same way. The five most abundant Jovian Xe isotopes are indicated by the shaded symbols. U-Xe, SW2-Xe, and AVCC-Xe compositions in Table 1 are shown for comparison in the same representation. The data indicate deficits at the two heaviest isotopes relative to NEA-Xe and AVCC-Xe, but uncertainties are too large to rule between SW-Xe and U-Xe as the Jovian composition.

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