Swelling assays

Aroyl- and thiophene-substituted pyrrole derivatives, for example, 45 (R = FI, Me, Et Ar = Ph, 2-thienyl, 4-CIC6H4, etc. Ar = Ph, 5-chloro-2-thienyl, 4-CIC6FI4, etc.) have been synthesized as a new class of COX-l/COX-2 inhibitors <2000EJM499>. iV-(Pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-3-[5-chloro-l-(4-chlorobenzyl)indol-3-yl]propanamide 46 represents one of the most potent compounds evaluated in the 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear swelling assay, with a level of activity higher than that of ibuprofen and comparable to that of dexametha-sone <2004BML5441>. 

Thorne PS, Hawk C, Kaliszewski SD, Guiney PD. The non-invasive mouse ear swelling assay. I. Refinements for detecting weak contact sensitizers. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991 17 790-806. 

Phenoi did not cause any signs of skin sensitisation in tests conducted with guinea pigs (modified BuehlerTest, Itoh 1982) and mice (Mouse Ear Swelling Assay, Descotes 1988), and there is no evidence of allergic contact dermatitis in humans. Therefore, labelling with R 43 is not warranted" (p.88). 

Eor the Gray-King coke-type assay test (91,92) coal is heated in a retort tube to 600°C and the product coke is compared to a series of standard cokes. Eor a strongly swelling coal, enough anthracite or electrode carbon is added to the coal to suppress the swelling. This method is primarily used in Europe. 

In this paper we have immobilized an enzyme within a thermally reversible hydrogel. Immobilized enzymes have been used in a variety of applications, ranging from treatment of diseases to sensors, assays, and industrial processes (15-20). When an enzyme is immobilized within a gel which exhibits reversible shrinking and swelling as the ten rature is raised and lowered through the LCST of the gel matrix polymer, the enzyme may be switched off and on as the substrate diffusion rate is regulated by the gel pore size (5). In adcfition to enzymes, a variety... 

Figure 3. Development of BS and BI cellulase activity in apices of pea seedlings. Intact seedlings were sprayed with the auxin analogue 2,4-D and decapitated seedlings were painted with the natural auxin IAA with or without an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, FUdR. All treatments resulted in massive swelling at the pea apex because of cell expansion cell divisions also occurred, but not in the presence of FUdR (6). Cellulases were extracted as described in Figure 1 and assayed in unpurified form.

Primary screening data correlated with the in vivo results. Four selected hits, when tested on a carrageenan induced rat paw edema model of acute inflammation and were bioavailable and pharmacologically active, reducing swelling of the paw (data not shown here). The efficacies of the extracts were measured by calculating the reduction in swelling as compared to the vehicle-treated control. Aspirin was used as a positive control for anti-inflammatory activity. These observations validated the potential use of the hits discovered in the RT-PCR assay for the in vivo anti-inflammatory applications. 

Thin films of PVF exposed to non-swelling solvents are anticipated to behave as rigidly coupled masses, so that the Sauerbrey equation (equation (13.1)) accurately describes the EQCM responses. However, experimental conditions may not always conform to this situation. For example, an early EQCM study of PVF electroprecipitation yielded film mass data that were not consistent with coulometric assay of the film [39] non-rigidity of PVF films in the CH2C12 deposition solution was suggested. Also, Oyama et al. have studied thermoresponsive N-isopropylacrylamide-vinylferrocene copolymers [40] and found them to exhibit potential dependent viscoelastic characteristics. In the light of these observations, we use the crystal impedance technique (illustrated schematically in Fig. 13.1) to guide our study of PVF films. 

Sensitization assays involve mixing the material or extract that has been in contact with a device with Freund s complete adjuvant and injection of the test sample into the subcutaneous tissue during a 2-week induction period (37). After 2 weeks, the material or extract is placed on the skin near the injection site for 24 hours, and then the skin is evaluated for redness and swelling. 

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