Surfactant applications Metal engineering

Commercial eind laboratory applications of liquid membrane technology are discussed including gas transport, sensor development, metal ion recovery, waste treatment, biotechnology and biomedical engineering. Immobilized liquid membranes, emulsion or liquid surfactant membranes, and membrane reactors are discussed. Economic data from the literature for liquid membrane processes are presented and compared with existing processes such as solvent extraction and cryogenic distillation of air. [Pg.110]

Two types of surfactants are used in engine oil applications. One is ashless dispersants, and the other is metallic detergents. Typical ashless dispersants, as described in Chapter 15 of Part D (Formulations) of the Handbook of Detergents [8], include succinimides, Mannich condensates, esters, phosphonates, functionalized ethylene-propylene copolymers, and others. Their molecular structures are shown in Figure 13.1. [Pg.331]

Phase-separation phenomena are commonly observed in various kinds of condensed matter, including metals, semiconductors, simple liquids, and complex fluids such as polymers, surfactants, colloids, and biological materials. The study of these processes of pattern evolution is very important for both engineering applications and basic understanding of nonequilibrium dynamics of pattern formation [1]. Phase separation in each material group of... [Pg.178]