Surface magnetism determination

Fig. 9. Magnetic field dependence of the magnetization at selected temperatures for a 150-nm thick Ga xMn As film with a Mn composition x = 0.03S. The magnetic field is applied parallel to the sample surface (direction of magnetic easy axis) except for the closed circles at 5 K taken in perpendicular geometry. The solid line for S K shows the magnetization determined from transport measurements. The upper left inset shows a magnified view of the magnetization in the parallel field at 5 K. The lower right inset shows the temperature dependence of the remanent magnetization (Ohno et al. 1996a).

Fig. II. (a) Temperature dependence of the magnetization for 200-nm thick Ga, MnrAs with x =0.053. The magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the sample surface (hard axis). The inset shows the temperature dependence of the remanent magnetization (0 T) and the magnetization at 1 T in a field parallel to the film surface, (b) Temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization determined from the data shown in (a) by using ArTott plots (closed circles). Open circles show inverse magnetic susceptibility and the Curie-Weiss fit is depicted by the solid straight line (Ohno and Matsukura 2001).

Ii is now known that /-electrons and their orbitals, hybrid and other wise, are responsible for the bonding within the metal and at the surface. The type of bond in the bulk leads to properties such as crystal structure and dimensions, melting temperature, mechanical strength, magnetic state, and electrical conductivity. Surface bonds determine adsorption and surface mechanisms. The ability of a molecule to bond with the surface depends upon two factors < 1) geometric or ensemble, and (2) electronic or ligand. 

A metal atom reactor is often used in a variety of "dirty" and "clean" operations. Accordingly, it should be remembered that radiation, adventitious water, oxygen, hydrocarbons, metallic particles and so on, can affect the properties of the isolated products. In the case of minute magnetic structures it is important to determine clearly the role of such agents in affecting volume and surface magnetic properties. Incorporation of a high vacuum Schlenk manifold such as the one described by Wayda in this book, should be considered an important supplement to the VS equipment. 

Dry film thicknesses on steel surfaces are determined by magnetic and eddy current nondestructive test instruments. The most popular instruments employ the magnetic principle measuring magnetic attraction, which is inversely proportional to the lining thickness. Examples are the BSA-Tinsley thickness gauge and the Elcometer 157 pulloff gauge. 

T. Yang, A. Krishnan, N. Benczer-Koller, G. Bayreuther, Surface magnetic hyperfine interactions in Fc203 determined by energy-resolved conversion-electron. Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1292-1295 (1982)... 

The novel electronic properties of nanotubes, nanowires, and nanobelts are inextricably linked to their structural properties. This is largely due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, where the bonding on the surface structure determines the electronic states which in turn determines such properties of the system as conductivity and magnetism. 

The eddy current method allows to evalute the state of stress in ferromagnetic material. The given method is used for determining own stress as well as that formed in effect of outside load. With regard to physical principles of own stress analysis, the dependence between the magnetic permeability and the distance between atomic surfaces is utilized. 

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