Supports and surface chemistries

Chapter three Supports and surface chemistries Table 3.1 Efficiency of Hybridization to... 

The symposium and this volume have benefited from financial support provided by the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, the Petroleum Research Fund, Shell... 

In this chapter, we will survey the kinds of solid supports (substrates) and surface chemistries currently used in the creation of nucleic acid and protein microarrays. Which are the best supports and methods of attachment for nucleic acids or proteins Does it make sense to use the same attachment chemistry or substrate format for these biomolecules In order to begin to understand these kinds of questions, it is important to briefly review how such biomolecules were attached in the past to other solid supports such as affinity chromatography media, membranes, and enzyme-linked immxm-osorbent assay (ELISA) microtiter plates. However, the microarray substrate does not share certain unique properties and metrics with its predecessors. Principal among these are printing, spot morphology, and image analysis they are the subjects of subsequent chapters. 

The use of a monolithic stirred reactor for carrying out enzyme-catalyzed reactions is presented. Enzyme-loaded monoliths were employed as stirrer blades. The ceramic monoliths were functionalized with conventional carrier materials carbon, chitosan, and polyethylenimine (PEI). The different nature of the carriers with respect to porosity and surface chemistry allows tuning of the support for different enzymes and for use under specific conditions. The model reactions performed in this study demonstrate the benefits of tuning the carrier material to both enzyme and reaction conditions. This is a must to successfully intensify biocatalytic processes. The results show that the monolithic stirrer reactor can be effectively employed in both mass transfer limited and kinetically limited regimes. 

I wish to thank the authors and the many others who were involved in the organization of the meeting and the production of this volume. I also wish to extend special thanks to the Office of Naval Research for their continued support and to the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society for their willingness to use the proceeds of this volume to support further meetings and symposia devoted to the same theme. 

A great part of the success of the symposium on zeolite synthesis can be attributed to the generous contributions from several industrial sponsors and to the support of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society and of the International Zeolite Association. A special acknowledgment is made to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for the support provided during the early stages of this project... 

This work was partially supported by the Analytical and Surface Chemistry Program in the Division of Chemistry, National Science Foundation. The authors thank Jooho Kim for a critical reading of the manuscript, and Jooho Kim and Dr. Take Matsumoto for help with preparing some of the figures. 

The difference in deNOx activity between the two differently prepared samples further highlights their differences in structure and surface chemistry. The catalytic activity of supported gallium oxide is likely to be governed by the surface concentration ratio of acidic/basic functional groups. 

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