Supply chain infrastructure

Global connectivity and the speed of communication also changed the dynamics of business. Air cargo became more widespread and a viable shipping method for international shipments. As the cost of computing decreased, data became more available, and information technology applications made it more usable. The investments in Y2K (year 2000) occurred at this dawn of global supply chain infrastructure. 

Ball, M.O., Ma, M., Raschid, L., Zhao, Z. (2002). Supply chain infrastructures System integration and information sharing. SIGMOD Record, 37(1), 61-66. 

Internal process and organization. What is the state of our current supply chain infrastructure Are the efforts to improve it appropriate and sufficient ... 

Ball, M.O., Boyson, S., Raschid, L. and V. Sambamurthy, Scalable Supply Chain Infrastructures Models and Analysis , in Proceedings of the 2000 NSF Design Manufacturing Research Conference Vancouver, 2000... 

Ball, M. O., Chen, C.-Y, Chen, M., Raschid, L., and Z.Y. Zhao, Scalable Supply Chain Infrastructure System Integration and Embedded Decision Models , Proceedings of 2002 NSF Design, Service and Manufacturing Grantees and Research Conference, Puerto Rico, 2002. 

Companies such as HP and Xerox have devised supply chain infrastructures to include recycling operations (Rose 2001). HP considers recycling to be a strategic opportunity and, therefore, they incorporate microchips into the cartridges to prevent unauthorized remanufacturing. 

During the design phase, managers seek to build a supply chain infrastructure that will fulfill but not exceed demand through deliveries to customer markets. In other words, the number of units of finished product shipped from all warehouses to market p during period t must be less than or equal to demand at market p in period t. That is. 

In the given case study, it is possible to introduce additional terms into this comparison which may look at energy implications such as process machinery and infrastructure life cycle energy costs, warranty repair, supply chain PSS, for example, depending on the company s scope and business model. 

Fig. 14.3 shows schematically how the hydrogen infrastructure options - comprising the whole supply chain of hydrogen from production (central or onsite), via transport and distribution to the (implementation of) refuelling stations - are modelled in MOREHyS. It has to be noted, that from the point of view of model implementation, transport refers to the transportation of hydrogen between different areas, while distribution is defined as the transportation of hydrogen within the... 

The build-operate-transfer model is borrowed from the automotive industry, where parts suppliers install their plants as satellites on the premises of the final assembler of the car. The main advantages are a zero distance supply chain and shared infrastructure. 

RFID technologies with the appropriate IT infrastructure help major distributors and manufacturers as well as other logistics operations such as the health care system, defense industries, and others deal with complex, global supply chains in which products and product shipments must be traced and identified in a noncontact, wireless fashion using a computer network. 

This comprehensive approach allows for efficient integration between processes, different phases of product life cycle, and integration between different sites in the supply chain. This integration provides opportunity for efficiency in that process owners are integrated with each other s needs and expectations. Duplication of effort is avoided and efficiencies gained. Quality outputs from one process become reliable inputs into the next process. Management and leadership will have access and insight into compliance, infrastructure, and performance metrics of all processes on a comparable basis. This provides leadership the opportunity for risk-based resource allocation to appropriate areas of the enterprise. 

Automation users would like to apply the CII for automating functions that are crucial for them and for society (this is intrinsic to the definition of critical infrastructure ). The functions can be related for example to supply chains, production or financial operations. The positive side is given by the possibility to conduct fast and efficient reactions to unwanted conditions (e.g., unsafe states, security breaches). However this exposes those critical functions to the vulnerabilities and uncertainties of the CII - which can neither ensure the availability of the connection, nor the secure treatment of the data. 

Material handling, collection logistics, and infrastructure are important aspects of the biomass resource supply chain. 

---