Superficial muscles

A 25-, 27-, or 30-gauge needle may be used for superficial muscles, and a longer 22-gauge needle may be used for deeper musculature. Localization of the involved muscles with electromyographic guidance may be useful. 

The major fat depots of animals include subcutaneous fat (located under the skin and overlying superficial muscles) and intermuscular fat (located between muscles). Appreciable amounts of fat also are deposited in the abdominal cavity and other internal sites. The distribution of fat between different sites varies somewhat with animal species, breed, and degree of finish. 

The superficial muscle system. Illustration by Argosy. The Gale Group. 

Early studies by Sarkis and colleagues > T349 revealed p53 alterations to be a strong independent predictor of disease progression in URCa (superficial, muscle invasive, and CIS). p53 has also been shown to be predictive of increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents that damage More recent stud-... 

Figure 13.17 Concentration of unhydrolyzed methyl salicylate present in treated and contralateral tissues following application in anesthetized rats (Cross etal., 1999). O, dermis , subcutaneous tissue , superficial muscle , deep muscle A, fat dashed line, plasma levels, mean SD, n = 3. (Used with permission.)...

The backbone is surrounded by a number of large and small muscles, which hold it stable and protect the spinal cord. These muscles make sure that the spine is evenly strained and movements in the back are possible. Without the support of the muscles the backbone would collapse because it is very unstable. Therefore, the muscles surround the backbone beside, below and above the spine to offer the necessary support. Because of the great quantity of muscles in the back, the construction is very complex and complicated. In general, the back muscles are divided in two groups, the autochthonous (superficial) muscles and the deep muscles. The main function of the superficial muscles is the stabilization and motion from the torso. The biggest muscle of this group is the musculus erector spinae, which starts at the neck and mns through the whole back up to the pelvis. The deep muscles mainly stabilize the backbone and are placed in between the vertebrae. They make motion possible in the backbone and make a link between the vertebrae and the vertebral body. 

The clinical manifestations of sparganosis depend on which organs or tissues are involved. Subcutaneous tissues, superficial muscles and fascia are most likely to be infected, but the parasite has... 

The steps are the same as for treating superficial muscle hypertonicity, except for step three. The physician places the vertebra into its planes of freedom of motiom For example, a somatic dysfunction diagnosed as C5FSrRr is treated by placing the fifth cervical vertebra into a position of flexion, right side-bending, and right rotation with respect to the sixth cervical vertebra. 

Initially, the patient may report pain, spasm, or decreased function, but one goal of the treatment is to decrease the tonicity of the muscles. Patient symptoms appear to be directly related to the amount of increased muscular tone. The larger, more superficial muscles are easily identified, especially when hypertonicity exists. Even though a patient can be in any position, having them lie supine or prone will facilitate the process. A muscle, such as the trapezius, can be easily palpated in the cervical, shoulder, and upper thoracic regions. The trapezius between the shoulder and neck can be grasped, or other... 

SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE HYPERTONICITY, POSTERIOR RIGHT SIDE, IN REGION OF C4 VERTEBRA... 

FIG. 29-1 Facilitated positional release treatment of superficial muscle hypertonicity of cervical region application of axial compression. 

SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE HYPERTONICITY (LEFT POSTERIOR REGION OF 17 VERTEBRA)... 

FIG. 40-1 Facilitated positional release treatment for thoracic superficial muscle hypertonicity application of compression at the left cervico-thoracic junction. 

The muscles and tendons of the anterior hip can be divided in two groups superficial (sartorius and tensor fasciae latae) and deep (rectus femoris, iliopsoas and pectineus). Superficial muscles can be easily delineated with high US frequencies, whereas deep muscles may require switching the transducer frequency down for an adequate examination. 

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