Summer apple trees

They reproduce hy parthenogenesis (virgin reproduction). From about mid-May onwards, winged forms are produced which migrate to wild plants. In late summer the females return to the apple tree, where they lay their eggs. 

Like all fruit trees, apples need to be pruned annually for best results. Once established, all tree forms benefit from winter pruning. Trained forms—cordons, espaliers, and fans—need extra pruning in summer to keep their shape. Pruning aims to achieve a number of objectives ... 

From the fourth year onward, pears are pruned as for apples (see pp.297-298) all benefit from routine pruning in winter, and wall-trained trees need additional pruning in summer. Spur-pruning will enhance cropping. 

Table 5.10. Comparison of summer fruit tortrix, apple leaf-roller and fruit tree tortrix.

LIFE CYCLE. These moths have different life cycles. Whereas the summer fruit tortrix [Capua reticulana) has two generations, in colder regions of Europe the apple leafroller [Pandemis heperana] and fruit tree tortrix (Archips podana) often produce only one generation. 

DEVELOPMENT OE THE FRUIT TREE TORTRIX AND APPLE LEAFROLLER. In Colder regions of Europe both these moths usually produce only one generation. A second generation may be produced if conditions are good, but this does not cause as much damage as the second generation of the summer fruit tortrix. 

EMERALD OF THE PHILOSOPHERS — A name which has been given to the Flos Coeli, and sometimes to the Dew of May and of September. The last is looked upon as masculine because it is more cocted and digested by the warmth of the summer. The other is considered female because it is colder, cruder, and more akin to winter in its quality. Some chemists, understanding these words literally, have imagined that dew was the matter from which the Philosophers extracted their mercury, because they often say in their books that mercury is male and female. So they have deemed that the union of the Dew of May with that of September would constitute that marriage so recommended by true chemists. But they should have noticed that the matter of their mercury must be mineral because the ox will produce but the ox, the apple an apple only, and it is an egregious blunder to suppose that any metal can ever be produced from a tree or a plant. 

Damage Larvae feed on leaves of most deciduous trees and shrubs, especially apples, aspens, and wild cherries. Trees may be fully defoliated in years of high caterpillar populations. Trees usually leaf out again later in the summer but growth may be stunted for several years. 

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