Summary of Synthetic Methods

The properties of metal colloids whidi are of interest in the context of this diap-ter are those of dze, structure, and compodtion. The questions to be answered in characterizing these partides are those which would occur both to the molecular chemist and to the solid state chemist, namely  

The answers to these questions require the application of techniques drawn om solid state chemistry, metallurgy, molecular tranation metal organometallic chemistry, and molecular spectroscopy. 

In summary, fiame retardant polymer-organoclay nanocomposites can be prepared using melt blending, solution blending, or the in situ polymerization method. Intercalated, exfoliated, or intercalated-exfoliated morphology is formed in the polymer matrix. Addition of fiame retardant additives hardly affects nanocomposite formation. Specifically, fiame retardant additives are introduced into the polymer nanocomposite formulation by three approaches  

A fiame retardant additive can be added during nanocomposite preparation. Generally, both inorganic and organic flame retardant additives can be added to the formulation by this approach and their presence is not expected to affect the nanocomposite morphology. 

Flame retardant additives are incorporated into the organoclay through ion exchange or physical adsorption before nanocomposite preparation. 

An organic group or oligomer containing flame retardant elements such as bromine or phosphorus can be grafted to the surfactant used to modify the clay. 

Isocyanates dimerize to carbodiimides, which react with the alcohol groups to give relatively stable cross-linked substituted ureas. Trimerization of isocyanates may also occur under certain conditions to yield thermally stable isocyanurate rings. 

In the text, methods for preparing the particular classes of compound are presented in two ways. In certain chapters, methods for synthesizing the class of compound with which the chapter deals are enumerated and discussed. More frequently, however, syntheses are presented less formally as a consequence of various reactions. In this summary of the main synthetic methods for each important class of compound, a general equation for each reaction is given. Also, section numbers, given in parentheses, refer you to the place or places in the book where the reaction is described. References to A Word About sections are abbreviated AWA. 

Elimination reaction alkyl halide + strong base (6.7 6.8) I I base 

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Aromatic halogen compounds from diazonium salts (11.12) 

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Near the end of this study guide you will find additional sections that may help you to study for the final examination in the course. The SUMMARY OF SYNTHETIC METHODS lists the important ways to synthesize each class of compounds discussed in the text. It is followed by the SUMMARY OF REACTION MECHANISMS. Both of these sections have references to appropriate portions of the text, in case you feel that further review is necessary. Finally, you will find two lists of sample test questions. The first deals with synthesis, and the second is a list of multiple-choice questions. Both of these sets should help you prepare for examinations. 

A summary of synthetic methods for obtaining spiropyrans from benzo-dithioles, benzoxathioles, and 1,3-dithioles is given elsewhere.75... 

This chapter will deal mainly with the chemistry of highly fluorinated compounds, although this will be prefaced by a more general summary of synthetic methods for the introduction of fluorine into an aromatic system. A review of this topic by Brooke [1] covers the area in considerable detail and we can only be selective in our discussion here. 

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