Sulfuric acid.mono-hydrate

U. Above 300 K, the heat capacity values are derived from a nomograph constructed by Rharbanda (6) based on experimental data (273-573 K). These temperature-dependent values are corrected to current atomic weights and converted from IPTS-48 to IPTS-68. Of the five hydrates of sulfuric acid (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and hemihexa-) only in the case of the trihydrate is there a serious discrepancy in the heat capacity values (at ambient temperature) between Giauque et al. (6) and Rharbanda (]7). Assuming... 

Synthetic ethyl alcohol (known as ethanol to differentiate it from fermentation alcohol) was originally produced hy the indirect hydration of ethylene in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. The formed mono-and diethyl sulfates are hydrolyzed with water to ethanol and sulfuric acid, which is regenerated ... 

The mechanism of U02 " extraction by monoalkyl phosphoric acid reagents appears to be a more complex process than for their dialkyl counterparts. This results from the polymerization of the monoalkyl phosphate in the organic phase and the hydration of the extracted uranyl species so that variable stoichiometries arise for the extractant/water/UO complex. The extraction of from sulfuric acid by mono-2,6,8-trimethylnonyl phosphoric acid (H2DDP) and mono-n-butyl phosphoric acid (H2MBP) as 0.05 M solutions in benzene was shown to follow equations (61) and (62) when an excess of extractant was present. When an excess of uranium was present, equations (63) and (64) applied where n, x, y and z were variable numbers which depended upon the extent of extractant polymerization and hydration of the extracted species. Synergistic effects may also be found with the monoalkyl phosphoric acid extractants and in one recent example the use of tri-n-octylphosphine ocxide (TOPO) as a synergist with H2MEHP allowed the extraction of U02 from phosphoric acid solutions. The uranium may be returned to the aqueous phase by contact with concentrated acid, which reverses the extraction process by protonation of the phosphate. 

Hydration of mono- and di-substituted acetylenes can in many cases be effected by acid alone, particularly readily by sulfuric acid thus (/ -bromophenyl)prop-iolic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid gives (/ -bromobenzoyl)acetic acid quantitatively 80... 

In the indirect ethylene hydratization process ethylene is contacted at 10-15 bar and 65-85 °C with concentrated sulfuric acid in a bubble column reactor. Mono and diethyl sulfate form and are hydrolyzed later (70-100 °C) to ethanol. Diethyl ether is the main side-product of the process (up to 10%). In the downstream of the reactor, ethanol and diethyl ether are distilled from the diluted sulfuric add, neutralized, and separated by rectification. The diluted sulfuric add produced in the process (45-60% sulfuric add after water addition) is reenergy intensive and problematic with resped to corrosion issues. Despite its relatively complex process scheme, the total ethanol yield in the indired ethylene hydratization process is only 86%. One advantage of the indired process, however, is that it also works with diluted ethylene feeds (e.g., feeds containing larger amounts of methane and ethane). 

Spasibenko (1974) and Spasibenko and Popova (1981) have found evidence for the existence of 10-, 7.5-, and 5.5-hydrates of cerium(III) sulfate in addition to the 8- and 5-hydrates, but the new phases have not yet been adequately characterized. Recently, Govorukhina et al. (1984) have studied the system Ce -S04 -H20 and separated, in addition to the well-established phases, the mono- and dihydrates for 63(804)3 and the phases containing sulfuric acid 63(804)3-3H2S04 mH20 (n = 0, 2, 5). X-ray diffraction studies indicate that both 63(804)3-41120 and 63(804)3 - 2H2O crystallize in two polymorphic... 

---