Sulfonate groups various methods

The foregoing method of preparation of sugar thiocyanates109,110 by Sn2 displacement of a sulfonyloxy group has been reported by many workers.111 143 Displacement of sugar sulfonate groups by various nucleo-... 

Many types of superabsorbents have been prepared from various materials, by various methods, and in different shapes. They are modified natural hydrophilic polymers such as starch, cellulose, alginic acids, etc. and synthetic hydrophilic polymers such as poly (acrylic acid) and poly(sodium acrylate). Most of them have anionic moieties such as poly(sodium acrylate) and poly(vinyl sulfonate). Now, many types of superabsorbents having not only anionic groups but also cationic groups such as ammonium groups, phospho-nium groups, or betaine have been prepared from both... 

PPE is a versatile material for performing chemical modification on its backbone, either on the phenyl ring or on the methyl group. The backbone of PPE can be modified with various methods. Most common is the introduction of sulfonic acid groups, which can be done with chlorosulf-onic acid. Other backbone modification methods are shown in Table 4.4. The methods are used mainly in the preparation of membranes and will be discussed in this particular section. The modification by bromination and subsequent alkynylation leads to polymers that contain substituted alkynes on the aromatic ring ... 

Structural modifications of polyaniline have mainly been exploited to achieve improved processability and environmental stability. In general, the substituted polyanilines can be obtained via oxidative polymerization of the corresponding monomer. However, inductive and steric effects can make such monomers difficult to polymerize [42]. Several substituted polyanilines have been prepared by varying the nature (alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, etc.) and the position (2- vs 3-, 5-positions) of the substituent [24, 27-32, 34, 37, 43, 44]. These studies have shown that regardless of the nature and position of the substituent group, there is an adverse effect on polymerization and the properties of the polymer such as conductivity and electroactivity. To overcome these limitations, various synthetic methods have been developed to prepare self-doped sulfonated polyanilines. These methods involve controlled postpolymerization modifications by synthetic reactions on the whole polymer and copolymerization of less reactive monomers with aniline as described below. 

Method for Producing High-Molecular Polyarylenesulfideketone. US Patent 47182122. Ogawa, T., Marvel, C. S. (1985). Polyaromatic Esterketones and Ester-Ketone-Sulfones having Various Hydrophilic Groups. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed, 25(4), 1231-1241. Percec, V. Nava, H. (1988). Synthesis of Aromatic Polyesters by Scholl Reaction 1, Poly( 1,1-Dinaphthyl Ester Phenyl Ketones)./. Polym. Sci. A, 26(3), 783-805. 

Lakshmi et al. [173], Meier-Haack et al. [172], and Taeger et aL [58] used the silyl-method for the preparation of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sul-fone)s. like Shin et al. [67], these authors used hydroquinone sulfonic acid as source for the proton exchange group. Polymers were prepared from the more reactive 4,4 -dilluorodiphenyl sulfone rather than 4,4 -dichlorodiphenyl sulfone and various sUylated bisphenol comonomers, such as hydroquinone, phenolphthalein, 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, bisphenol A [173], or 4,4 -dihydroxybiphenyl [58,172,173]. The use of sUylethers and difluoro aromates allows for lower reaction temperatures (150 °C), as in the case of dichloro aromates and free bisphenols (180-190 °C). hi the latter case, the water formed has to be removed by azeotropic distillation and the lower reactivity of the dichloro compound has to be taken into account. 

In summary, the direct insertion of zinc dust to organic halides is an excellent method for preparing a broad range of polyfunctional organozinc halides bearing various functional groups like an ester" , an ether, an acetate" , a ketone, cyano", halide" , N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amino °, primary and secondary amino, amide, phthalimide , sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone , boronic ester , enone " or a phosphonate . An alternative method is based on transmetalation reactions. 

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