Sulfate agglomerate

Sulfation of lead hydroxides, lead hydroxy-sulfate B layer, (a) PbS04 crystals (encircled) are formed on the surface of the large pore in the lead hydroxy-sulfate agglomerate (b) small IBS crystals can be seen in the right hand bottom part of the picture [4]. 

Silver [7440-22-4]—The coloi additive silvei (EEC No. E 174) is a crystaUine powdei of high purity silver prepared by die reaction of silver nitrate with ferrous sulfate in the presence of nitric, phosphoric, and sulfuric acids. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is used to prevent the agglomeration of crystals and the formation of amorphous silver. 

One of principal problems in larger urban centers is the presence of particulate material in the atmosphere due to the emission of diesel engine[l]. One of the most dangerous components of diesel exhaust is particulate, which consists of agglomerates of small carbon particles with a number of different hydrocarbons and sulfates adsorbed on their surfece. A potential way to face the related enviromnental problem is that of filtering the particulate and burning it out in catalyzed traps before any emission of diesel exhausts in the environment. 

Carboxypolymethylene exhibits a stabilizing effect against separation and viscosity change of a cetyl alcohol-stearic acid-sodium lauryl sulfate system. Samples 1 and 2 are identical, except that the former contains carboxypolymethylene (adjusted to pH 7). Sample 1 shows no separation, while sample 2 shows 13% separation after 6 months. Figure 8 shows the viscosity characteristics of the above samples. The broken line represents the viscosities of sample 1 at different time intervals, and the unbroken line, the viscosities at the same time intervals for sample 2. Apparently the carboxypolymethylene prevents the agglomeration and precipitation of stearic acid, which would result in separation and loss of viscosity. 

Table 1 Average concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and anunonium in precipitation at Diibendorf, agglomeration Zurich [24], and Colic Gnifetti (summer values only) over the time period 1985-2006...

Occasionally, the phosphate slime is difficult to settle in the lagoons because of its true colloidal nature, and the use of calcium sulfate or other electrolytes can promote coagulation, agglomeration, and settling of the particles. Usually an addition of calcium sulfate is unnecessary, because it is present in the wastewater from the sand-flotation process. Generally, it has been shown [33] that the clear effluent from the phosphate mining and beneficiation operation is not deleterious to fish life, but the occurrence of a dam break may result in adverse effects [19]. 

Fig. 1. Simultaneous separation and detection of anions and cations on a latex agglomerate column. Column Dionex HPIC-CS5 cation exchange column (250X2 mm) with precolumn HPIC-CG5 (50 X 4 mm) eluent 0.5 mM copper sulfate, pH 5. 62 flow rate 0.5 ml/min sample volume 20 gl containing 0.1 m M of each ion detection two potentiomet-ric detectors equipped with different ion-selective electrodes in series. Peaks (1) chloroacetate, (2) chloride, (3) nitrite, (4) benzoate, (5) cyanate, (6) bromide, (7) nitrate, (8) sodium, (9) ammonium, (10) potassium, (11) rubidium, (12) cesium, (13) thallium. Reprinted with permission from [10].

The spatial scale of intersite correlation differs somewhat with location. However, the average pattern for wet sulfate and nitrate correlation is shown with spacing of stations in Figure 4. The graphs represent an agglomeration of correlation data between 1981 and 1984 for more than 20 EUS sites. The distance over which correlation occurs for sulfate extends almost to 2000 km, but correlation decreases rapidly below less than 0.5 within 100 km. A similar pattern is found for nitrate, except the station spacing reflecting no correlation is less than for sulfate (approximately 1200 km). 

Sodium Sulfate. Although considered a weak builder by some manufacturers, sodium sulfate (Na2S04) contributes little to detergent performance. It is commercially available from natural sources and as a byproduct from rayon processing. In dry mix and agglomerated type products, sodium sulfate is used to improve finished product flow characteristics. In spray-dried products, sodium sulfate acts as an inert filler and aids in density control. 

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