Succinic acid Homologues

The homologues of succinic acid are analogous to those of malonic acid and are formed by the introduction of alkyl radicals into the carbon groups that are not carboxyl in character. As succinic acid contains two such carbon groups, each of which has two replaceable hydrogens, we may have the introduction of one, two, three or four alkyl radicals. Taking, as an illustration, the methyl substitution products of succinic acid we may have the following compounds ... 

Small molecules can have near-homologues for antagonists, e.g. malonic acid 9,3) antagonizes the oxidation of succinic acid 9,4) by succinic dehydrogenase (Quastel and Wooldridge, 1927). 

Higher saturated ahphatic dicarboxyhc acids, such as malonic, succinic and glutaric acids and other higher homologues of oxahc acid, are found in many food raw materials and foods, but usuahy in smaher quantities. They are mainly intermediates of fatty acids biosynthesis, the citric acid cycle and other metabohc processes, but only succinic acid occurs in a somewhat larger amount in some fruits (e.g. in currants and strawberries). Ah the above mentioned dicarboxyhc acids, including oxahc, adipic, pimehc, suberic acids... 

Ferrioxamines B and E are prime examples of the linear and cyclic species, respectively. Several members of the series have been prepared by total synthesis, thus establishing the sequence of the contained units (For example, four isomers could be constructed from the hydrolytic products of ferrioxamine B). The three hydroxamate functions must be spatially located so as to form a stable, intramolecular hexa-dentate ferric chelate. Acetylation of ferrioxamine B affords ferrioxa-mine Di ferrioxamine G corresponds to component B with succinic replacing acetic acid cyclization of G yields ferrioxamine E components Ai and D2 carry l-amino-4-hydroxyaminobutane in place of a residue of the next higher homologue. 

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