Succinate system

The phosphate-succinate system gives the values of pH shown below ... 

Solution The fumarate-succinate system has a more positive AEq than the pyruvate-lactate system, and hence the fumarate will oxidize lactate ... 

Kurumada et al. [86] investigated the structure and percolation of water/oil microemulsions employing sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (SDEHP). The sulfosuccinate-derived microemulsions have produced spherical aggregates, whereas those derived from the phosphate are composed of cylindrical aggregates. But the preparations have shown percolation in conductance the conductance increase with the phosphate system is 10-100 times more than that with the succinate system. Moreover, for the former, (]), 0.06. and for the latter cj), 0.4-0.5. In the region of c >, > 0.2, the electrical conductivity of the phosphate system has been found to be 1000-fold... 

In the following preparation, this reaction is exemplified by the union of anthracene with maleic anhydride, to form 9,io-dihydroanthracene-9,io-e do-a -succinic anhydride note that as a result of this reaction both the outer rings of the anthracene system become truly aromatic in character. 

If the third substance dissolves in both liquids (and the solubility in each of the liquids is of the same order), the mutual solubility of the liquids will be increased and an upper C.S.T. will be lowered, as is the case when succinic acid or sodium oleate is added to the phenol - water system. A 0 083 molar solution of sodium oleate lowers the C.S.T. by 56 -7° this large effect has been applied industrially in the preparation of the disinfectant sold under the name of Lysol. Mixtures of tar acids (phenol cresols) do not mix completely with water at the ordinary temperature, but the addition of a small amount of soap ( = sodium oleate) lowers the miscibility temperature so that Lysol exists as a clear liquid at the ordinary temperature. 

Systemic fungi- 743-745 cide acting as a steric inhibitor towards succinate deshy-drc gcnasc... 

Figure 21.2a shows a sample/reference half-cell pair for measurement of the standard reduction potential of the acetaldehyde/ethanol couple. Because electrons flow toward the reference half-cell and away from the sample half-cell, the standard reduction potential is negative, specifically —0.197 V. In contrast, the fumarate/succinate couple and the Fe /Fe couple both cause electrons to flow from the reference half-cell to the sample half-cell that is, reduction occurs spontaneously in each system, and the reduction potentials of both are thus positive. The standard reduction potential for the Fe /Fe half-cell is much larger than that for the fumarate/ succinate half-cell, with values of + 0.771 V and +0.031 V, respectively. For each half-cell, a half-cell reaction describes the reaction taking place. For the fumarate/succinate half-cell coupled to a H Hg reference half-cell, the reaction occurring is indeed a reduction of fumarate. 

The author has developed several variations of this system, but the general principle of this system is outlined in Figure 43. In this system a specimen is placed on a sample tape, which comprises Mylar carrying small discs of paper. The tape turns over and meets a porous tape, which in this case is cellophane, and the reagent tape which may be a toluidine succinate deposit on the lower tape, as an example. When the filtrate reaches the toluidine succinate pressure and heat is applied. 

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