Substrate movement

The carriers moved across the membrane by thermal agitation irrespective of whether or not they were loaded with substrate. Movement of the substrate-loaded carrier in this way and return of the unloaded carrier would therefore result in the movement of solute across the membrane—so-called net solute transport. ... 

Note. Asphaltic membranes will bridge minor joints or cracks in substrates. Thin membranes are very rigid and will not absorb movement in the substrate. Movement will telegraph through to the finished work. Expansion joints in the finished surface must be located directly over the joints in substrate. 

Instead of a hydrophilic solid, if we immerse a hydrophobic substrate, such as some pure metals, Au, Ag, Ge, or some plastics, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, silanized Si02 etc. into a monolayer-coated water subphase, as shown schematically in Figure 5.13 a, then the LB coating process is different. Since both meniscus curve and substrate movement are in the same direction (downwards) during this process, a monolayer can be quantitatively... 

A very natural approach to the study of the mechanism of action of these mediated transport systems is through kinetic analysis. Here one measures the rate of movement of a particular substrate across the cell membrane and sees how this rate is affected by varying, for example, the concentration of the substrate at one or other face of the membrane. One might instead vary the electrical potential across the membrane, or the temperature or measure the rate of substrate movement in the presence of inhibitors of transport. Such studies are valuable insofar as they lead to the construction of models for the transport system, to the exact analysis of the... 

Roller coating is used mainly by the coil coating industry for prefinishing metal coils that will later be formed into products. It is also used for finishing flat sheets of material. There are two types of roller coalers, direct and reverse, depending on the direction of the applicator roller relative to the direction of the substrate movement. Roller coating can apply multiple coats to the front and back of coil stock with great uniformity. 

If one makes the simplifying assumption that the shape change in a butt joint can be neglected (valid only for small substrate movements), one can easily compare the free surface... 

Hardness is inversely related to the flexibility of the sealant. Flexibility is, of course, crucial to a functioning sealant joint where substrate movement is accommodated. From this standpoint, low hardness is good. However, softer materials tend to have low resistance to abrasion and tearing. Depending on the requirements of a given sealant joint, the sealant selection may be preferential to softer or harder sealant formulations. 

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