Substituted cycloalkanes, naming

Substituted cycloalkanes are named by rules similar to those we saw in the previous chapter for open-chain alkanes (Section 3.4). For most compounds, there are only two steps. 

Count the number of carbon atoms in the ring and the number in the largest substituent chain, (f the number of carbon atoms in the ring is equal to or greater than the number in the substituent, the compound is named as an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane. If the number of carbon atoms in the largest substituent is greater than the number in the ring, the compound is named as a cycloalkyl-substituted alkane. For example ... 

Substituted cycloalkanes are named using the cycloalkane as the parent name and identifying the positions on the ring where substituents are attached. Start numbering at the group that has alphabetical priority, and proceed in the direction that gives the second substituent the lower possible number. For example,... 

Recognize, draw, and name cis-trans isomers of substituted cycloalkanes. 

Cycloalkanes are named much like acyclic alkanes. Substituted cycloalkanes use the cycloalkane for the base name, with the alkyl groups named as substituents. If there is just one substituent, no numbering is needed. 

Just as with substituted cycloalkanes, substituted benzene rings are numbered in a way that gives the lowest possible numbers for the substituents. In the following structure, numbering the ring as shown gives the numbers 1, 2, and 4 for the substituent positions. Because ethyl is lower in the alphabet than methyl, it is written first in the name 2-ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene. 

Determine whether the following substituted cycloalkanes are as or trans isomers and write the complete name for each. 

Name each of the following substituted cycloalkanes using the I.U.P.A.C. Nomenclature System ... 

The carboxylic acid derivatives of cycloalkanes are named by adding the suffix carboxylic acid to the name of the cycloalkane or substituted cycloalkane. The carboxyl group is always on carbon-1 and other substituents are named and numbered as usual. 

When two cycloalkyl groups are attached by a single bond, the compound is named as a cycloaUcyl-substituted cycloalkane. This compound is cyclohexylcyclohexane. 

Naming substituted cycloalkanes is straightforward We name them as alky Icy cloalkanes, halocycloalkanes, alky Icy cloalkanols, and so on. If only one substituent is present, it is not necessary to designate its position. When two substituents are present, we number the ring beginning with the substituent first in the alphabet and number in the direction that gives the next substituent the lower number possible. When three or more substituents are present, we begin at the substituent that leads to the lowest set of locants ... 

One consequence of three-dimensionality is the existence of stereoisomers, namely cis and trans isomers of substituted cycloalkanes (Section 4-1). We shall see in Chapter 5 that the phenomenon of stereoisomerism is more general and occurs in acyclic molecules as well. These concepts influence such diverse areas as relative reactivities and biological effectiveness. Because of its fundamental importance and its powerful utility in biological applications, stereochemistry constitutes a recurring theme through the remainder of this book. 

For mono-substituted cycloalkanes the 1 is not included. That is, the name... 

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